With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Essay

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Foucauldian notion of resistance, as opposed to the Critical Theory concept of emancipation - Essay Example ies which were affected, the protestors used common ways of civil resistance such as demonstrations, strikes, peaceful rallies and marches as well as the use of social media platforms to mobilize, raise awareness, organize and enhance coordination between the protestors. Most of the demonstrations were often met with violent repression from the regimes which they sought to challenge. For example in places like Libya, the Gaddafi regime used counter demonstration attacks in its attempt to crush the popular revolt. In an attempt to understand the causes of the recent Arab spring across most Middle Eastern countries, many researchers have increasingly adopted both the use of the concept of emancipation as well as the Foucauldian notion of resistance. According to Leonard (1990, p. 126), critical theory is defined as a critique to the social injustices which result from capitalism, misappropriation of public resources and the commoditification of our contemporary society. Critical theories attempt to explain the present social conditions, how such conditions have transformed as well as how they maintain their validity in the changing society. On the other hand, Foucauldian notion of resistance suggests that resistance such as the events witnessed during the Arab spring are largely a reaction to the domination and pervasive power. According to Foucault, there can be no power without resistance. This paper critically analyzes the critical theories with particular focus on the use of Foucauldian notion of resistance as opposed to the concept of emancipation in the critical theory. The two concepts of resistance and emancipation are closely related in that they both attempt to explain the attempts by individuals and societies to minimize domination, achieve equality as well as the efforts to achieve more political and social rights. There are however a number of differences between Foucauldian notion of resistance and the concept of emancipation. As opposed to

Functions of the main organs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functions of the main organs - Research Paper Example It has the yes for vision .In addition, this bird of prey has a skeleton that is made of tiny bones to support its body and protect internal organs. The owl has a beak that it uses majorly for feeding (Owl Center, n.d). Just like other organisms adapt to their environments for survival, the owl has some specific adaptation that makes it survive in the environments where they live. The first area where the owl has adapted to is hunting at night. Majority if owls are nocturnal and they hunt for food during the night (Owl Center, n.d). They have therefore adapted to see their prey at night, something that some other birds cannot be able to do. The first area of adaption is the owl’s eyesight. The owl’s eyesight is physiologically adapted to the environment to make the animal a good hunter at night. One aspect that makes the owl to have good sight at night is the sunken eyes (Owl Center, n.d). The owl is known to have sunk eyes which are able to collect available light at night and intensify it to make the bird be able to see its preys at night. Even though it does not have perfect vision at night, it can still be able to see its preys in the darkness. The second physiological adaption of the owl that aids good vision even at night is the large eyes. A large section of the owl’s head contains its eyes. The eyes are large and are able to collect maximum light to aid vision even at night. In addition, the eyes of the owl are located close together (Owl Center, n.d). This therefore gives it an overlapping field of view. The eyes are located at the front of its head and not the side and this makes it able to see what is ahead of clearly. Even though the eyes are located close to each other in the front of the bird’s head, it is still able to see round. This is because the owl has a flexible neck that makes it possible for it to turn its head round. This is facilitated by the fourteen vertebrae in the owl’s neck that

Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB)

Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) HSC Topic One: Business Management and Change Case Study Billabong Management Theory Behavioural Management Theory Creative thinking and innovation are of greater importance than ruthless efficiency. Managers see their roles primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to customers stakeholders. Workers overcame problems and gave input into the way Billabong was run. Primarily to do with business culture and lack of morale caused by inertia of managers their resistance to change BILLABONG Sources of Change * External influences Economic factors: Negative: level of unemployment and growth/interest rates means less people can afford BBs products Rising incomes in East Asia and South America have helped create new markets Social factors: Changing consumer tastes Increasing tastes in sports such as skateboarding and surfing BMX now included at Olympics increases recognition of sport and clothing Political factors: Protectionism and limiting of imports through tariffs has seen BBs product strengthened in the domestic market Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen improved overseas sales. Geographic: Pollution of beaches discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to release Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like Hawaii Internal influences  · E-Commerce Positive: Simplifying logistical and organisational difficulties +: Monitoring and tracking sales à  control Internet website greater relationship/interaction with customers  · New Procedures Private à   Public Comply with legal regulations meant à  financial record systems for annual financial report Tighter control over finances so as to increase return for investors  · Business Culture Management team changed in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more professional managers with greater business knowledge and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the business Structural responses to change Outsourcing Production to SE Asia and China Response to economic and financial influences Allows company to focus more on design and marketing Lowers costs to maintain competitive advantage in price-sensitive markets Strategic Alliances Cooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus Tour Both had similar target markets Increased brand recognition and awareness Reasons for resistance to change Financial Costs Developing new products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires money Acquiring smaller businesses, eg. Honolua Surf Company cost around $20billion Inertia of owners International expansion brings some risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore saw resistance from shareholders Managing change effectively Identifying need for change BB gained an edge over competitors by being one of the first businesses to expand overseas in the early 1980s Diversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market share Creating culture of change New management team in 1998 acted as ‘change agents achieved growth by constantly observing and pursuing new opportunities Change Models (force field analysis) Driving Forces Restraining Forces à  revenue New opportunities for staff Year round demand (seasons) Costs of production Lack of new designers Need to hire new managers for new departments Change and Social Responsibility Ecological Sustainability Surfrider Foundation Conservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores Quality of life Encourages team work and a relaxed atmosphere both in the office and in retail stores BB has a strict ‘no child labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilities Cultural Diversity Encourages communication between domestic and international stores/offices Employees are encouraged to transfer between international offices to gain new experiences The Nature of Management  · Management Roles -An interpersonal role is one in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorporates dynamic action and forward planning to achieve particular objectives -An informational gathers information within the business and supplys it outside the business -A decision-making role involves solving problems and making choices  · Skills of Management -People Skills -Strategic thinking -Vision -Self-Managing -Teamwork Ethical behaviour Responsibilities to stakeholders include: manage change social justice ecological sustainability compliance with the law codes of practice Understanding Business Organisations with Reference to Management theories  · Contingency Theory  · Classical-Scientific Planning, Organising, Controlling Division of labour, chain of command, autocratic leadership style meaning the manager tends to make all the decisions in the business.  · Behavioural ability to understand and work with people from a variety of backgrounds and different expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure democratic leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making.  · Political encourages the formation of coalitions to promote different points of view. Power and Influence within a business can have both a positive and negative effect. It can be sued to intimidate (negative) or empower others (positive). Legitimate power due to status or position of the person in the firm e.g management Expert power due to a result of a persons skills and expertise Referent power from a persons individual characteristics (personality and charisma) Reward Power to the rewards or compensation a manager distributes Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, Coalitions Managing Change  · Nature and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of Markets, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, technological Internal Effects of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new business cultures Structural Response to Change -Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Networks  · Reasons for Resistance to Change Financial Costs Inertia of managers and owners Cultural incompatibility in mergers and takeovers Staffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, loss of career prospects and opportunities. * Managing Change Effectively Identifying need for change- SWOT anaysis and balance sheets Setting Achievable goals mission statements and company goal Culture of Change Change Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/Refreeze Change and Social Responsibility Social Responsibility is the awareness of a businesss management of the social, environmental and human consequences of its actions. Customers eventually find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of Working life Technology E-Commerce Globalisation and Managing Cultural Diversity HSC Topic Two Financial Planning The Role of Financial Planning * Strategic role of Financial Planning strategic plan Organisational goals and objectives Managing financial resources * Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the short term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit Efficiency -manage its assets to maximise profits with the lowest possible level of assets Growth increase its size in the long term Return on capital -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution * The planning Cycle Addressing present financial position e.g revenue, p l statements, budgets Determining financial elements of the business plan Developing budgets Cash Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning financial controls Financial Markets Relevant to business financial needs * Major Participants in Financial markets Banks Financial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and secured Insurance companies -loans to the corporate sector through insurance premiums Merchant bks (investment bks) -services such as borrowing and lending to the business sector. Superannuation/Mutual funds provide funds to the corporate sector through the investment of funds received from superannuation contributions The Reserve bank of Australia (Government) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal government * The Role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) as a primary Market The ASX is the major financial exchange in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals wishing to create and exchanges financial assets in the economy * Influences on Financial Markets domestic markets e.g change in inflation, demands for funding, changes in government policies. Companies can be positively and negatively affected. Overseas influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations * Trends in Financial Markets Technology has allowed markets to become more competitive and grow allowing financial transactions all the time. Globalisation will also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets. Management of Funds * Sources of Funds Internal Owners Equity Retained Profits External Short-term borrowing Bank Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long Term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the amount of the debenture by buying back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the payment of money for the use of equipment that is owned by another party. Factoring is the selling of accounts receivable for a discounted price to a finance of factoring company. Venture Capital is funds supplied by investors to either a new organisation or to an already established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the government for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants often enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations. * Comparison of debt to equity financing Debt finance refers to short and long term borrowing from external sources of an organisation Equity Financing refers to the internal sources of finance in the organisation Gearing/Leverage is the proportion of debt to equity which is used to finance the activities of a business Using Financial Information * The Accounting Framework Financial Statements Revenue Statements shows the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show operating revenue earned from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance. Balance Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in money terms and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the level of current and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that can be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment * The accounting Equation and Relationships (A) Assets = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners Equity The accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting process which shows the relationship between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business may be financed by either the owners or by parties external to the business. COGS = inventory + purchases closing stock * Comparative Ratio Analysis By comparing ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is often used although can be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses often compare ratios against common standards such as statistics from the ABS. * Limitations for Financial Reports Historic cost accounting states that values are stated at the cost incurred at the time of purchase or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a mixture of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation. Value of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill. Effective Working Capital (Liquidity) Management * The Working Capital Ratio Working Capital Ratio = Current Assets over Current Liabilities (2:1 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES) The Working capital ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities. * Control of Current Assets Cash Balances are generally kept at a minimum and hold marketable securities as reserves of liquidity. Receivables is important in terms of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms cash position. Inventories make up a significant account of current assets and their levels must be carefully monitored so that excess or insufficient levels of stock do not occur. * Control of Current Liabilities Payables must be paid by their due dates due to avoid any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to ensure that trade credit will be extended to the business in the future. Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise costs. Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or weekly basis so that cash supplies can be controlled. * Strategies for Managing Working Capital Leasing Factoring Sale and Lease back is the selling of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years. Effective Financial Planning * Effective Cash Flow Management The activities of a business are divided into three categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees 2. Investing Activities -e.g selling of old motorbike, purchasing new property 3. Financing activities- e.g inflow selling of shares, outflow repayment of debt. * Management Strategies distributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times. discounts for early payments * Effective profitability Management Cost Control Fixed Costs e.g insurance and salaries Variable costs change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g fixing a roof. Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be directly attributed. Direct costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, department or region e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. Indirect costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions. Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be substantial if people take a close look at costs and eliminate waste and unnecessary spending. * Revenue Controls Sales objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. Research should be made to identify the effects of sales mix changes before implantation. Pricing Policy affects revenue and therefore impacts on working capital. To attract buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but still result in cash shortfalls. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management * Audited Accounts An audit is an independent check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits- 1. Internal conducted internally by employees 2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made. 3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards. * Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to reduce fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies adhere to the law. Collects information about companies and makes it accessible to the public. * Corporate Raiders and Asset Stripping Asset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders. HSC Topic 3 Marketing Case Study Types of Markets Resource BHP Billiton Industrial Painter Intermediate Gloria Jeans selling cakes Mass IBM Computers Niche ‘Mountain Bike Magazine Developing Marketing Strategies Product and Service Positioning * Qantas was under competitive pressure from Virgin Blue in the leisure market * Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments * Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money product Price including pricing methods Price Points * Jetstar International * Base price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for blanket and amenity kit and $12 for entertainment kit Promotion Advertising * Dell Computers focus much of their advertising to print media * Use inserts/pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be reading Place Distribution * Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries * Exclusive distribution (no stores), Intensive (internet) * Distribution system is e-commerce Ethical and Legal Aspects Role of Consumer Laws in dealing with Deceptive and Misleading Advertising * Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready * TV advertisement claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than ordinary batteries * Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA * Independent tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer * Federal Court ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of misleading and deceptive conduct and false representations about the quality and benefits of goods The Nature and Role of Markets and Marketing Marketing is a total system of interacting activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and potential customers. * Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buying flour to make bread Intermediate markets (resellers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase finished products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller mass produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are micro markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles * Production Production Orientation 1820s 1920s When a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060s When a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980s When a business collects information on consumer trends to sell its products * The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maximising customer satisfaction to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase. Elements of a Marketing Plan * Establishing Market Objectives * Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market Segmentation approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics. * Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps) * Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with anticipated costs. Comparing actual and planned results 1. Sales analysis comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectiveness of the marketing strategy 2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in total sales (increase or decrease) 3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks down the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities to access the effectiveness of each activity. Market Research Process Market research is the process of systematically collecting, recording and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem. The three steps of the market research process are; 1. Determining information needs 2. Collecting data from primary and secondary sources 3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheets Customer and Buyer Behaviour Customers are classified into two categories: Consumer the process of purchasing goods and services for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government. Types of Customers Household Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects business profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of buying procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest bid is generally accepted. * The Buying Process The buying process involves 5 common steps: Recognise the problem need or want requiring satisfaction Search for info brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etc Evaluate alternatives cost and benefit analysis Purchase Evaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur. * Factors influencing Customer Choice Psychological influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and rising income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. Expansion means unemployment levels start to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan. Developing Market Strategies * Pricing Strategies Price Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative products Pricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market share Loss-leader selling a product below its cost price to attract customers Price Lining a limited number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55 * Pricing Methods Cost-plus margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up) Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are high Competition based a business chooses a price based on competition, either below, equal to or above * Marketing segmentation and product Mass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes basic food items, water, gas, electricity etc. Concentrated Market Approach -By using the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer feedback. Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives * Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the location is the main contributor of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapers Selective Distribution businesses use a moderate proportion of possible outlets where customers are prepared to travel e.g clothing, furniture Exclusive Distribution only one retail, outlet in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. Physical Distribution Transport Warehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods. Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market.  · Effects on Distribution 1. Technology 2. Local Government Approving new development applications and alteration to existing premises Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the purpose for which a building and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, shape and location of business signs Ethical and legal Aspects Environmentally responsible products Materialism an individuals desire to constantly acquire possessions Impact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using questionable marketing practices Sugging Selling Under Guise of a survey, Role of Consumer Law Deceptive and misleading Price- Discrimination Implied Conditions or terms Merchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the price Fitness of purpose meaning that the product is suitable for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement implies Warranties Resale Price Maintenance Legislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketing: The Trade Practice Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Australia and has two purposes: 1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct 2. Restrictive trade practices to restrict competition as well as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the same market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power. Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companies Implied conditions in both Acts: Merchantable quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs. HSC Topic Four: Employment Relations Case Study Managing the ER function Line Management * ALDI Supermarkets * Individual store managers are expected to solve all instore problems there is no ‘area manager or specialist ER department Key influences on ER Social Inf Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) HSC Topic One: Business Management and Change Case Study Billabong Management Theory Behavioural Management Theory Creative thinking and innovation are of greater importance than ruthless efficiency. Managers see their roles primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to customers stakeholders. Workers overcame problems and gave input into the way Billabong was run. Primarily to do with business culture and lack of morale caused by inertia of managers their resistance to change BILLABONG Sources of Change * External influences Economic factors: Negative: level of unemployment and growth/interest rates means less people can afford BBs products Rising incomes in East Asia and South America have helped create new markets Social factors: Changing consumer tastes Increasing tastes in sports such as skateboarding and surfing BMX now included at Olympics increases recognition of sport and clothing Political factors: Protectionism and limiting of imports through tariffs has seen BBs product strengthened in the domestic market Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen improved overseas sales. Geographic: Pollution of beaches discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to release Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like Hawaii Internal influences  · E-Commerce Positive: Simplifying logistical and organisational difficulties +: Monitoring and tracking sales à  control Internet website greater relationship/interaction with customers  · New Procedures Private à   Public Comply with legal regulations meant à  financial record systems for annual financial report Tighter control over finances so as to increase return for investors  · Business Culture Management team changed in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more professional managers with greater business knowledge and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the business Structural responses to change Outsourcing Production to SE Asia and China Response to economic and financial influences Allows company to focus more on design and marketing Lowers costs to maintain competitive advantage in price-sensitive markets Strategic Alliances Cooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus Tour Both had similar target markets Increased brand recognition and awareness Reasons for resistance to change Financial Costs Developing new products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires money Acquiring smaller businesses, eg. Honolua Surf Company cost around $20billion Inertia of owners International expansion brings some risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore saw resistance from shareholders Managing change effectively Identifying need for change BB gained an edge over competitors by being one of the first businesses to expand overseas in the early 1980s Diversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market share Creating culture of change New management team in 1998 acted as ‘change agents achieved growth by constantly observing and pursuing new opportunities Change Models (force field analysis) Driving Forces Restraining Forces à  revenue New opportunities for staff Year round demand (seasons) Costs of production Lack of new designers Need to hire new managers for new departments Change and Social Responsibility Ecological Sustainability Surfrider Foundation Conservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores Quality of life Encourages team work and a relaxed atmosphere both in the office and in retail stores BB has a strict ‘no child labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilities Cultural Diversity Encourages communication between domestic and international stores/offices Employees are encouraged to transfer between international offices to gain new experiences The Nature of Management  · Management Roles -An interpersonal role is one in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorporates dynamic action and forward planning to achieve particular objectives -An informational gathers information within the business and supplys it outside the business -A decision-making role involves solving problems and making choices  · Skills of Management -People Skills -Strategic thinking -Vision -Self-Managing -Teamwork Ethical behaviour Responsibilities to stakeholders include: manage change social justice ecological sustainability compliance with the law codes of practice Understanding Business Organisations with Reference to Management theories  · Contingency Theory  · Classical-Scientific Planning, Organising, Controlling Division of labour, chain of command, autocratic leadership style meaning the manager tends to make all the decisions in the business.  · Behavioural ability to understand and work with people from a variety of backgrounds and different expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure democratic leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making.  · Political encourages the formation of coalitions to promote different points of view. Power and Influence within a business can have both a positive and negative effect. It can be sued to intimidate (negative) or empower others (positive). Legitimate power due to status or position of the person in the firm e.g management Expert power due to a result of a persons skills and expertise Referent power from a persons individual characteristics (personality and charisma) Reward Power to the rewards or compensation a manager distributes Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, Coalitions Managing Change  · Nature and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of Markets, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, technological Internal Effects of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new business cultures Structural Response to Change -Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Networks  · Reasons for Resistance to Change Financial Costs Inertia of managers and owners Cultural incompatibility in mergers and takeovers Staffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, loss of career prospects and opportunities. * Managing Change Effectively Identifying need for change- SWOT anaysis and balance sheets Setting Achievable goals mission statements and company goal Culture of Change Change Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/Refreeze Change and Social Responsibility Social Responsibility is the awareness of a businesss management of the social, environmental and human consequences of its actions. Customers eventually find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of Working life Technology E-Commerce Globalisation and Managing Cultural Diversity HSC Topic Two Financial Planning The Role of Financial Planning * Strategic role of Financial Planning strategic plan Organisational goals and objectives Managing financial resources * Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the short term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit Efficiency -manage its assets to maximise profits with the lowest possible level of assets Growth increase its size in the long term Return on capital -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution * The planning Cycle Addressing present financial position e.g revenue, p l statements, budgets Determining financial elements of the business plan Developing budgets Cash Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning financial controls Financial Markets Relevant to business financial needs * Major Participants in Financial markets Banks Financial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and secured Insurance companies -loans to the corporate sector through insurance premiums Merchant bks (investment bks) -services such as borrowing and lending to the business sector. Superannuation/Mutual funds provide funds to the corporate sector through the investment of funds received from superannuation contributions The Reserve bank of Australia (Government) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal government * The Role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) as a primary Market The ASX is the major financial exchange in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals wishing to create and exchanges financial assets in the economy * Influences on Financial Markets domestic markets e.g change in inflation, demands for funding, changes in government policies. Companies can be positively and negatively affected. Overseas influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations * Trends in Financial Markets Technology has allowed markets to become more competitive and grow allowing financial transactions all the time. Globalisation will also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets. Management of Funds * Sources of Funds Internal Owners Equity Retained Profits External Short-term borrowing Bank Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long Term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the amount of the debenture by buying back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the payment of money for the use of equipment that is owned by another party. Factoring is the selling of accounts receivable for a discounted price to a finance of factoring company. Venture Capital is funds supplied by investors to either a new organisation or to an already established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the government for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants often enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations. * Comparison of debt to equity financing Debt finance refers to short and long term borrowing from external sources of an organisation Equity Financing refers to the internal sources of finance in the organisation Gearing/Leverage is the proportion of debt to equity which is used to finance the activities of a business Using Financial Information * The Accounting Framework Financial Statements Revenue Statements shows the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show operating revenue earned from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance. Balance Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in money terms and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the level of current and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that can be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment * The accounting Equation and Relationships (A) Assets = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners Equity The accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting process which shows the relationship between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business may be financed by either the owners or by parties external to the business. COGS = inventory + purchases closing stock * Comparative Ratio Analysis By comparing ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is often used although can be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses often compare ratios against common standards such as statistics from the ABS. * Limitations for Financial Reports Historic cost accounting states that values are stated at the cost incurred at the time of purchase or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a mixture of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation. Value of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill. Effective Working Capital (Liquidity) Management * The Working Capital Ratio Working Capital Ratio = Current Assets over Current Liabilities (2:1 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES) The Working capital ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities. * Control of Current Assets Cash Balances are generally kept at a minimum and hold marketable securities as reserves of liquidity. Receivables is important in terms of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms cash position. Inventories make up a significant account of current assets and their levels must be carefully monitored so that excess or insufficient levels of stock do not occur. * Control of Current Liabilities Payables must be paid by their due dates due to avoid any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to ensure that trade credit will be extended to the business in the future. Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise costs. Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or weekly basis so that cash supplies can be controlled. * Strategies for Managing Working Capital Leasing Factoring Sale and Lease back is the selling of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years. Effective Financial Planning * Effective Cash Flow Management The activities of a business are divided into three categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees 2. Investing Activities -e.g selling of old motorbike, purchasing new property 3. Financing activities- e.g inflow selling of shares, outflow repayment of debt. * Management Strategies distributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times. discounts for early payments * Effective profitability Management Cost Control Fixed Costs e.g insurance and salaries Variable costs change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g fixing a roof. Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be directly attributed. Direct costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, department or region e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. Indirect costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions. Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be substantial if people take a close look at costs and eliminate waste and unnecessary spending. * Revenue Controls Sales objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. Research should be made to identify the effects of sales mix changes before implantation. Pricing Policy affects revenue and therefore impacts on working capital. To attract buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but still result in cash shortfalls. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management * Audited Accounts An audit is an independent check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits- 1. Internal conducted internally by employees 2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made. 3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards. * Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to reduce fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies adhere to the law. Collects information about companies and makes it accessible to the public. * Corporate Raiders and Asset Stripping Asset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders. HSC Topic 3 Marketing Case Study Types of Markets Resource BHP Billiton Industrial Painter Intermediate Gloria Jeans selling cakes Mass IBM Computers Niche ‘Mountain Bike Magazine Developing Marketing Strategies Product and Service Positioning * Qantas was under competitive pressure from Virgin Blue in the leisure market * Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments * Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money product Price including pricing methods Price Points * Jetstar International * Base price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for blanket and amenity kit and $12 for entertainment kit Promotion Advertising * Dell Computers focus much of their advertising to print media * Use inserts/pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be reading Place Distribution * Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries * Exclusive distribution (no stores), Intensive (internet) * Distribution system is e-commerce Ethical and Legal Aspects Role of Consumer Laws in dealing with Deceptive and Misleading Advertising * Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready * TV advertisement claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than ordinary batteries * Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA * Independent tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer * Federal Court ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of misleading and deceptive conduct and false representations about the quality and benefits of goods The Nature and Role of Markets and Marketing Marketing is a total system of interacting activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and potential customers. * Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buying flour to make bread Intermediate markets (resellers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase finished products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller mass produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are micro markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles * Production Production Orientation 1820s 1920s When a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060s When a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980s When a business collects information on consumer trends to sell its products * The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maximising customer satisfaction to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase. Elements of a Marketing Plan * Establishing Market Objectives * Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market Segmentation approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics. * Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps) * Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with anticipated costs. Comparing actual and planned results 1. Sales analysis comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectiveness of the marketing strategy 2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in total sales (increase or decrease) 3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks down the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities to access the effectiveness of each activity. Market Research Process Market research is the process of systematically collecting, recording and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem. The three steps of the market research process are; 1. Determining information needs 2. Collecting data from primary and secondary sources 3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheets Customer and Buyer Behaviour Customers are classified into two categories: Consumer the process of purchasing goods and services for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government. Types of Customers Household Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects business profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of buying procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest bid is generally accepted. * The Buying Process The buying process involves 5 common steps: Recognise the problem need or want requiring satisfaction Search for info brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etc Evaluate alternatives cost and benefit analysis Purchase Evaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur. * Factors influencing Customer Choice Psychological influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and rising income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. Expansion means unemployment levels start to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan. Developing Market Strategies * Pricing Strategies Price Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative products Pricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market share Loss-leader selling a product below its cost price to attract customers Price Lining a limited number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55 * Pricing Methods Cost-plus margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up) Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are high Competition based a business chooses a price based on competition, either below, equal to or above * Marketing segmentation and product Mass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes basic food items, water, gas, electricity etc. Concentrated Market Approach -By using the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer feedback. Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives * Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the location is the main contributor of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapers Selective Distribution businesses use a moderate proportion of possible outlets where customers are prepared to travel e.g clothing, furniture Exclusive Distribution only one retail, outlet in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. Physical Distribution Transport Warehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods. Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market.  · Effects on Distribution 1. Technology 2. Local Government Approving new development applications and alteration to existing premises Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the purpose for which a building and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, shape and location of business signs Ethical and legal Aspects Environmentally responsible products Materialism an individuals desire to constantly acquire possessions Impact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using questionable marketing practices Sugging Selling Under Guise of a survey, Role of Consumer Law Deceptive and misleading Price- Discrimination Implied Conditions or terms Merchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the price Fitness of purpose meaning that the product is suitable for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement implies Warranties Resale Price Maintenance Legislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketing: The Trade Practice Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Australia and has two purposes: 1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct 2. Restrictive trade practices to restrict competition as well as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the same market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power. Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companies Implied conditions in both Acts: Merchantable quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs. HSC Topic Four: Employment Relations Case Study Managing the ER function Line Management * ALDI Supermarkets * Individual store managers are expected to solve all instore problems there is no ‘area manager or specialist ER department Key influences on ER Social Inf

Female Genital Mutilation: Long Term Psychological Effects Essay

Female Genital Mutilation, or Female Circumcision as sometimes called, is the partial or complete removal of the female clitoris immediately after birth, few years after birth (early childhood), or several years after birth (adolescence). Originally, female genital mutilation was practiced to ensure female virginity until marriage; as it was discovered that by the partial or complete removal of the clitoris, a female's sexual urge is minimized and, therefore, a girl could have more control over her sexual desires. Because virginity was and remains a very crucial factor in almost every society, circumcision was invented way in the past before any of the Heavenly Religions appeared. In fact, the most traditional and conservative type of circumcision is the Pharoanic type (Infibulation), where the complete removal of the clitoris occurs and the vulva walls are stitched together leaving a small opening for urination and menstrual discharge. Nowadays, however, it continues to be practiced in Africa and the Middle East mostly due to social forces. New reasoning developed through the years to keep the ritual going on. The many reasons given for the practice are bewildering and unfounded in any scientific or medical fact. They fall into four main categories: psycho-sexual, religious, sociological and hygienic. Among the psycho-sexual reasons is a belief that the clitoris is an aggressive organ that threatens the male organ and even endangers babies during delivery. It is believed that if a baby's head touches the mother's clitoris during birth, the child will be born with a low IQ. Hence, a girl who is not circumcised, is considered 'unclean' by local villagers and thus unmarriageable. A girl who does not have here clitoris removed is considered a great danger and ultimately fatal to a man if her clitoris touches his penis. Also, the circumcision issue is seen as a form of beauty. It is seen as aesthetically beautiful, as genitals are disfiguring and ugly in their natural state (Real Net, 2). In short, nowadays the practice isn't done to explicitly mean that girls are untrustable, but because, presently, the woman's clitoris is considered to be an ugly part in a woman's body and perceived to be harmful in many ways. And not long ago, Sigmund Freud wrote 'The elimination of clitorial sexuality is a necessary precondition for the developm... ...found in the understandably screwed up countries of northern and western Africa. And if you come to the west and do this, they'll throw your ass in jail (hopefully) forever.† In defense for such an offensive article came out an article from an Arabic Doctor, who refused to reveal his identity, saying that of course he approved of that girl being circumcised. And here are some of the things that he wrote where the girl gains from being circumcised: â€Å"* It raises her status in her community, both because of the added purity that circumcision brings and the bravery that initiates are called upon to show. * It confers maturity and inculates positive character traits, including the ability to endure pain and a submissive nature. * The circumcision ritual is an enjoyable one, in which the girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instructions from her elders. * All impure tissue is removed and the girl is sewn up until her wedding night.† This is how significant the psychological part of it is. No matter how much descent education people get, if they have routed traditions they will always find ways to approve of them even if they are clear disasters.

Bank of America Essay

In a workplace where multiculturalism exists is a diverse and successful workplace. Diversity helps workers and customers to do business freely because majority of customers are comfortable to communicate with people from their own culture. Pacific City Bank a financial company, which is not a diverse bank, has employees from only one culture and this has made way for customers from the same culture to be comfortable to do business with them. From the higher level C.F.O to the vice president of the company everyone is from the same culture. It is positive fact for the customers from the same culture to feel comfortable to communicate and have safety when doing business, but there are many negative effects of not having diversity in a workplace. When your doing business in a multicultural country, it is not viable to stick to doing business only with one culture, as the potential of the company cannot be reached. Customers from other cultures would not be comfortable to do business, a s they cannot understand their language or might feel out of place to do business. Whereas Wells Fargo another financial company, which is majorly known for diverse workplace has more benefits compared to Pacific city bank. Customers are more comfortable to bank with Wells Fargo, as they feel comfortable with the choices of diverse people available to communicate with. Wells Fargo’s main goal is to make their customers comfortable while banking with them. By hiring diverse employees, their workers will understand basic methods on how to act in front of another employee or customer from different cultures. Wells Fargo respects other cultures and policies. The company’s council including the Chairman, C.E.O and other senior leaders meet quarterly to establish goals and set up directions when partnering with committee in the areas where there is diversity and market segment diversity. They ensure there is supporting infrastructure and inclusion- related behaviors as the â€Å"work of all† versus the â€Å"work of a few†.

Cheating on College Examinations

Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work while taking time to attend school classes or, maybe they are Just lazy enough to study ahead of examination date.There are a lot of reasons why cheating on college exams happens and along with it, there are numerous effects out of cheating. Whatever the reason behind cheating, still it is an act of dishonesty and unethical conduct; besides the reality that cheating on college exams is also cheating yourself. Cheating on College Exams One of the most common reasons why student cheats on college exams is that he just forgot to study, so it is more likely that h e will cheat, but as an effect, there is a high possibility that his teacher might catch him while doing it or even worse, fail the xam after cheating because of different set of examinations.Another common reason for cheating is to complete the course as shortly as doable. In todays world, once you look into the word cheating you'll be able to realize several definitions and meanings for it. Everyone contains a completely different definition for the word cheating. Students will always find the way to cheat with the use of reference materials or by obtaining the solutions ahead of time to be ready for a closed book test. Some students pay others to complete their schoolwork. Cheating could be a concern for all colleges and teachers.Students forever find the way to avoid the results of cheating, notwithstanding how rigorously colleges work to stop it. For some students, cheating is an easy way to get better grades. Although several students assume that their individual dishonesty wo n't have an effect on anyone else, negative outcomes would still have impacts towards their personal knowledge. One impact of student cheating is that they are not learning accordingly. Some students get into the cheating habits, they do not study and in the long run, this habit affects their career development.Once the student decides to cheat, he could or might not understand he material. What a student fails to understand is that the material that the course is covering could be a necessity to use in daily life. Whatever the student doesn't learn within the course as a result of cheating can have an effect on them to get an employment with a decent pay, as a result of the fact that the student never learned the course material. Once a student takes an exam, its results are supposed to show the amount of information learned that the student has on the material that his course offers.In fact, there would be no employer who will keep someone that has no he numerous negative outcomes that cheating provides aside from not being true and honest to their self, which surely will have negative effect on students. Cheating on college exams has an effect on students one time or another throughout their school life. As mentioned, no good comes from college exam cheating because in doing this, you are cheating yourself. Once caught during college exams, a consequence comes in.As a result, a student may receive the maximum punishment their teacher can give, especially those who are hard on their students. On the other hand, there are teachers who are quite lenient with their students. Minimal unishment such as warning may be given to the student as an effect of cheating. However, cheating on college exam is commonly occurring if the student lacks effort with their studies. Students may not be able to attend his class due to some reasons, leading them to cheat during examination.Whatever the reasons for absence are, the point is they are not likely to pass through their o wn knowledge besides the fact that it will be more complex for them to cope with the upcoming lectures. That reality, which shows students who want to pass on the subjects that they find difficult for them, is also another cause why they cheat on college exam. There are times that a student, no matter how hard he studies, still finds it hard to cope with lectures in a specific subject causing him to cheat during exams.A student may also be forced to cheat if there is a parental expectation regarding his grades. Another common reason why they cheat on college exam is because of the other students who also cheat, especially when they found out that the head of the class also cheats making them realize that cheating will give them better grades. If this is the case an effect would be more and more students will be attempted to cheat during exams rovided that the first one who committed it was not caught.Conclusion Cheating on college exams is one of the most common behaviors that some students do. A cheater may find it helpful as it may lessen his or her effort to pass the exam, hence getting higher grade is possible without an effort if they cheat. Yes, it can help a student, but it will Just be a temporary help because cheating on exams will never help them learn, which is opposed to their primary purpose of attending college course. Additionally, cheating without learning is like admitting your weakness and letting the learning opportunity pass through your hands.