Illustration Essay Samples Reviews & Guide

Illustration Essay Samples Reviews & Guide Every kind of essay demands an outline. An essay is a part of composing that is established to show a single point. It also includes the writer's personal reaction to such tactics. An illustration essay is the type of paper where the author would use various examples to clearly show his status in the paper. As soon as you choose this issue and paper format, you will need to create an outline. You're able to write a paper all on your own and even now. You are going to be offered to purchase a paper on any subject. To be successful in writing and produce the paper memorable you will need to be more original. Illustration Essay Samples Features The following are numerous sources that will supply you with appropriate information for your essay. If you've got a chance to interview those who are more experienced in the subject of your essay than you, you ought to take your opportunity to speak to them about it. When selecting the topic, make certain it is never too controversial or debatable. If you want to develop a terrific subject, the initial action to do is to decide on the right topic from a pool of various illustration essay topics. Watch a number of the best videos as well as reading the very best article on your preferred subject to be able to find the right info that may be helpful for your essay. Instead, the paper provides examples and data about a true problem in order for the reader will become better educated about the subject. Keep on writing what it is you're likely to share with the reader, and offer reasons for selecting a specific topic. You also need to attempt to suggest more discussion of the topic which may be needed later on so that you don't imply to the reader which you are inferring that you've covered every facet of this issue or its illustrations in your work. The 30-Second Trick for Illustration Essay Samples A specific instance of illustration employs a personal experience or other individuals experience that is shown to be dominant to present a vital illustration essay example. However abstract your idea is, it will grow more comprehensible once you provide examples to support you r primary point. Decide on three keywords which can help you explain the particular idea. To put it differently, it illustrates or demonstrates an idea or something about the topic through using examples. The major writing strategy for it is to supply an overview of empirical data and give a detailed and very clear definition. There are certainly times once your prof won't ask you to incorporate any research. You're going to want a reasonable amount of examples to strengthen your thesis. Another illustration may be a student who sought treatment for panic attacks because she felt pressured to keep a high GPA as a way to continue to keep her scholarship. If you still find it troublesome to work on the illustrative essay or a different form of homework assignment, it's much better to contact expert essay writers ASAP. A regular format ought to be followed as you are writing an illustration essay. To understand several types of academic essays better, you can prefer the website full of absolutely free essay examples. Writing an essay is created of five primary measures. Illustrative essays might incorporate both detailed and fast examples. You should support every argument in your illustration essay to create the reader believe you're competent in the discipline of your study. An essay is a part of writing that is developed to prove a single point. Once more, even though the structure of an illustration essay might resemble an argumentative essay, the author must earn a very clear distinction between them both. When writing an illustrative essay, you need to get the fundamental understanding of the chosen subject. Some sample topics are given below. Aside from samples, you may also find specific exercised to understand how to illustrate. The sample is there to offer you an impression on the characteristic of the paper. Most samples are at no charge.

The Bermuda Triangle Essay - 961 Words

The Bermuda triangle is a heavily debated topic. Over the years people have fought back and forth on the matter. However, no one can seem to come to a consensus. What is the truth? Does the Bermuda triangle qualify as a strange, unexplainable site? If it does, is it the reason for the many strange happenings and events? Despite the lack of answers, the legend of the Bermuda triangle will continue to be debated and discussed by believers and skeptics. For both sides claim to contain strong solid evidence defending their stance. Overall, the Bermuda Triangle is a great argumentative topic between paranormal believers and knowledgeable professionals. The Bermuda Triangle is the connecting point of Bermuda, Florida, and Puerto Rico. Due to the conspiracy surrounding this particular location, it has also been termed â€Å"The Devil s Triangle†. The legend was named in 1964 by writer Vincent Gaddis. However, its popularity didn’t rise until Charles Berlitz provided his knowledge and opinion. Berlitz, who was very interested in the paranormal, proposed that Atlantis, a historic mythical city, actually existed and could be using its unique energy to draw in the likes of aircraft and ships (Benjamin Radford). Since his bestseller on the topic in 1974, the discussion and theories have not relented. As more ships and aircraft began to disappear, more ideas started to surface. From paranormal energy resembling gravity to rogue tidal waves, the possibilities seem endless.TheShow MoreRelatedThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle. You may have heard of it but, do you kn ow what it is? The Bermuda Triangle lies near the South-East coast of the United States and forms a triangle in the Atlantic Ocean. The corners of the triangle are: Miami, Florida; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Bermuda; a north-Atlantic island which the name Bermuda Triangle originated from. What is so mysterious about these waters? Well, unexplained events happened in which planes flying over this area have mysteriously disappeared leavingRead MoreThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle2023 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Bermuda Triangle also known as the Devils Triangle it is considered to be a cursed region. Over one thousand ships, planes and lives have been lost in the Triangle without leaving a trace of what happened. Many theories have been put forth, but still none universally accepted explanation exists for the mystery that surrounds the Bermuda Triangle. The first written boundaries of the Bermuda Triangle were from an article by Vincent Gaddis in a 1964 issue of the pulp magazine ArgosyRead MoreThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle1190 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone has heard of the scariest place on earth, the bermuda triangle. Since its theoretical existence, there has been hundreds of cases that have been reported that involved the Bermuda Triangle in one way or another. The points of the Bermuda triangle are between Miami, Florida, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the Mid-Atlantic island, Bermuda. The History of this myth has gone back hundreds of years, dating back all the way to the year 1492, when Christopher Columbus first reported seeing flamesRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesYou might know that the Bermuda Triangle is a legendary place where numerous disappearances have occurred, but how much do you really know about it? Some people don’t believe in such a place, but some do. Research has been conducted to try and figure out what could possibly be happening here, but with no hard evidence. The mysterious Bermuda Triangle may be more than just a myth though; the Bermuda triangle has a long history with disappearances, few people live through it to tell the tale, and possibleRead More Bermuda Triangle Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pages The Bermuda Triangle nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Is the Bermuda Triangle really a place where strange powers are at work? The Bermuda Triangle is a very complex and mystifying area that is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats, and aircraft. From reading this paper one will learn geographic features of the Bermuda Triangle, famous disappearances, and possible explanations for them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is a section of the western Atlantic, offRead MoreEssay on The Bermuda Triangle921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area in the Atlantic Ocean bounded by Miami, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. Many people believed that people, ships, and planes have mysteriously vanished in this area. The size of the triangle varies from 500,000 square miles. Some trace the mystery back to the time of Columbus. Bermuda Triangle estimates range from about 200 to no more than 8,000 distress calls in the area and that there have been more than 50 ships and 20 planes to goRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle : The Devils Triangle1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle, also known popularly as the ‘Devil’s Triangle’, is a triangular shaped area in the Atlantic Ocean which has gained infamy as a location in which vessels, aircraft and people are susceptible to going missing without a trace. The area considered to constitute the Bermuda Triangle varies, although the most popular definition is that the triangle’s three vertices are located at Miami in Florida , San Juan in Puerto Rico, and at the island of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. HoweverRead MoreReview Of The Bermuda Triangle 1795 Words   |  8 PagesReview of Literature I. Introduction to the Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a legendary mythological section of the Atlantic Ocean, made up of the triangle formed by Miami, Florida; San Juan Puerto Rico; and the islands of the Bahamas. The triangle covers about five-hundred thousand (500,000) square miles of the ocean. The phrase â€Å"Bermuda Triangle† was first coined by Vincent H. Gaddis (1913-1997). He was writing an article for Argosy magazine back in 1964. The article was receivedRead More The Bermuda Triangle Essay1902 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle Off the southern tip of Florida lies a phenomenon called the Bermuda Triangle. Ships, planes, and over one thousand lives were lost in the Triangle without a trace. Theories have been put forth, but still no universally accepted explanation exists for the mystery that surrounds the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle covers almost 440,000 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean. An imaginary line that begins near Melbourne, Florida, extends south to Bermuda, and west toRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pages The Bermuda Triangle,also known as the Hoodoo Sea, the Devils Triangle, the Limbo of the Lost, and the Twilight Zone, is a part of the ocean in which planes, ships, and people mysteriously seem to just disappear. It is an imaginary area shaped as a triangle. Which is located in the outer tip of Florida. Its been the biggest mystery of time because of the mysterious disappearances that have happened over time. â€Å"The term Bermuda Triangle was first used in an article written by Vincent H. Gaddis

Shawshank Redemption Film Essay Example For Students

Shawshank Redemption Film Essay The movie of the Shawshank Redemption is based on a short story by Steven King. The movie shows how prison life affects prisoners during their sentence in jail and after when they are released. The director concentrates mostly on the personal cost of adapting to prison life and how some convicts, once they conform, lose the ability to survive beyond the barbed wire and iron bars. As a character puts it, These walls are funny. First you hate them, then you get used to them, then you start to depend on them. The director shows us to what extent prisoners can be made to depend on them. The two episodes that I will analyse are examples of two different paths prisoners can take once released from prison. One is to survive and live their life, another is to give up and end it. In the movie Red, a prisoner at Shawshank says, get busy living or get busy dying. This quote plays an important role in the movie because Red and Brooks, two important characters who get out of jail have to make the choice to either get busy living or get busy dying. Red and Brooks are characters with many similar traits and have gone through many of the same circumstances. Both entered the confines of Shawshank Prison youths but left its walls as old men. They have seen many prisoners come in and out. They spent decades behind the dull enclosure and got used to it. They have adapted themselves to the concepts of routine, forced conformity, power abuse and have lost all elements of individuality within themselves. Red says you come here for your life and thats exactly what they take from you. The episodes of the release of both men contribute very much to the understanding of the theme of this movie. Both episodes start off very similarly but throughout the scenes the characters make different decisions. The first episode is the release of Brooks and his life on the outside. When he leaves the prison he is dressed very smartly in a dark suit. We next see him on the bus. The camera is set in front of him and we see him sitting with his feet and hands on the rail before him. The director has given him a crow like image. From this we interpret that something bad will happen. When he steps out the camera follows him down the road. While the episode is going on, Brooks is narrating his feelings. When he wants to cross the road he is abruptly taken back as he sees an automobile pass by. He says that there are many more automobiles now than there were before and doesnt like the way the world has turned out to be. After, we see him feeding the birds. He says that he hopes that Jake might come by and say hello'. I believe that this is the scene in which we see Brooks in a most open space, it gives us hope that he will do alright. Brooks is placed in a half-way house and is given a job at a supermarket. When he sleeps we see he is very agitated. The camera films him from above (crane) and in a voice-over he tells us he is often scared at night. We can compare this to some of the mens, including Andys, first nights at Shawshank Prison. Working as a grocery-bagger at the supermarket everything goes wrong, he is criticised. Lonely, afraid, melancholy, and disoriented, the outside world is like a new prison to Brooks. In a bit of humour he tells us he might shoot the manager of the supermarket to go back to Shawshank but hes too old even for that. .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .postImageUrl , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:hover , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:visited , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:active { border:0!important; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:active , .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a2fb49f52fb1ee59c4b9aba874df87f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The fifth element EssayAs he goes back to his room he packs his belongings into his case. While doing this he narrates that hes planning on leaving, that he doesnt like where he is and hes tired of being scared all the time. He is in his suit and stands by a table. He looks up and then climbs onto it. The camera focuses on Brooks feet. As we see sawdust falling onto the table. This reminds us of Andy in prison when carving his name into his cell wall. As the camera is still focused on his feet, the sawdust stops falling and we expect to see him coming down. The way the director has chosen to film is very effective as it creates a tense atmosphere and suspense as we do not know what is happening. The table then starts to shake and Brooks kicks out the table from under his weight, his feet are dangling. He got busy dieing. As the camera tilts upwards we see Brooks face behind the wooden bars of the ceiling, an image of prison bars. We then see the message he had carved, Brooks was here. This is the end of the episode. Brooks had been to the limit, become institutionalised, he could no longer take life on the outside. His only way out of it was death. The director has chosen to make many aspects of Reds release very similar to Brooks. He is given the same crow-like position in the bus, is placed in the same room at the half-way house, is given the same job at the supermarket. He also narrates this episode and tells us there is no way Ill make it on the outside. We fear that he might take the same path as Brooks. As hes walking down the street he stops by a shop window. The camera focuses on two different things, a series of hand guns and a compass. The director has allowed us to see the two choices a man can take. The compass shows freedom to live and travel. The gun shows death. Red gives us a similar speech as Brooks. He tells us that all he thinks of is ways of going back to prison. That he hates living in fear. He wants to be back at prison where things make sense to him. But one thing stops him, a promise I made to Andy. Red gets a ride on a pick-up truck to the countryside and takes out his compass. It is now that the second episode begins. The camera is behind Red and we see him by a stone wall looking towards a big oak tree, the oak tree Andy has spoken to him about. As Red walks towards the hayfield we see the big contrast between the closed areas of prison and the open space of the outside world. The camera pans so we can see the fields stretched out until the horizon. Brooks had only never discovered these open spaces because he hadnt had something Red had, hope. As Red walks toward the oak tree classical music builds up, music played by a harmonica, the instrument Andy had given him in prison. The camera focuses on Reds feet, they walk slowly but freely towards the oak tree. As he gets to the oak tree he searches for what Andy had left for him. He finds a box with the design of a boat on it. The director intention on using a boat will have been to show yet another image of freedom. In the box Red finds money and a letter. The music stops but the birdsong continues. Red reads the letter. It is directed to him. It is from Andy and tells him to come a little further and join him in Mexico, the place he had told Red about in Prison. .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .postImageUrl , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:hover , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:visited , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:active { border:0!important; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:active , .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafbb7a953ae04efad4b763524e2738bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Review - The Pianist EssayRed stands up again and walks back through the hayfields, the birdsong continues and the music builds up again. Red goes back to his room he also packs his bag and dresses smartly. He stops by the table, takes out a pocket knife and climbs the table. This again resembles very much Brooks episode, once again the camera focuses on Reds feet. We are made to fear that he will end his life the same way as Brooks, but Red soon comes back down again and as he exits his room says with a hidden smile get busy living or get busy dying, thats god-damn right. Red has chosen life, hope. As the camera tilts up we read on the ceiling Brooks was here So was Red. The next shot is of a bus, the camera zooms in to Red, his head out the window and smiling. He says he feels the emotion only a free man can feel, that he hopes he can get across the border, that he hopes he can find his friend and that he hopes the Pacific is like in his dreams. The shot then dissolves into the image of the open Pacific, an image of freedom, space, accomplishment, redemption. Then the camera turns to a warm sunlit beach. The camera then pans and turns so we have a frontal view of Red. He is walking alongside the sea with his trousers rolled up and his shoes in his hands. The camera stops moving and we see Red coming closer and closer. The shot is then cut and a new shot views Andy further down the beach on a boat, scrubbing its surface. As he looks up he sees Red, he stands up and smiles, his eyes gleaming. He jumps down to greet Red. As the friends hug, the camera pulls back, revealing the wide, distant horizon of the blue Pacific with no end in sight. No longer are the Red and Andy confined by walls and iron bars nor watched on by guards. Both are free. Brooks had attained the limits at prison, he had become institutionalised and once released had found the only way out was death. Red, on the other hand, had hoped, and hope had led him to freedom, to happiness, to redemption. Through the themes and the cinematic decisions applied in these two episodes the director has made these vital to the understanding of the movie. He has given two examples of the extreme situations to which prisoners go depending on their emotions. One of the emotions is yet one of the main themes of the movie, hope, and in my opinion it has been brought up extremely effectively.

Julius And Ethel Rosenberg Essays - , Term Papers

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg The outcome of the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial for espionage in 1951 and their subsequent execution in 1953 was directly related to the political climate at that time. The government's evidence against the Rosenbergs was not overwhelming, but due to a combination of fear and political pressure, the guilty verdict was inevitable. Even though Julius did not deliver the secrets of the atomic bomb to Moscow, nor did they cause the Korean War, as Judge Kaufman claimed, the pair were sentenced to death. Their death confirmed their guilt because America would never kill innocent people. Their execution also reinforced the heinous nature of their crime and other soviet spys' crimes as well. The fear of communism and the cold war sealed the fate for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The cold war was the general term for the post-1945 political, ideological, strategic and military conflict between the western allies led by the United States and the Soviet Union and other communist countries. 1 This global confrontation was fuel by mutual fear and distrust. Both camps defaulted on postwar agreements which, led to further alienation.2 The end of WWII saw Europe economically devastated and in political turmoil. 3 The defeat of Germany left the European continent vulnerable to outside influence. In addition to the economic strength shown by the western allies, the United States not only had nuclear capabilities, but also without hesitation used the power twice. 4 The Soviet Union, in an effort to contract the economic and military might of the United States and its allies, set about tightening its grasp on the east European countries it had occupied during WWII. 5 In the years between 1945 and 1948 the Soviet Union gained control of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union hoped that by adding these separate governments and militaries, it could offset the United States nuclear capabilities and provide its western boarder with a buffer zone. 6 Though the Soviet Union was actively developing its own nuclear capabilities, the communist power realized that the U.S. had used its atomic bomb with devastating results. 7 Although the United States was putting much fear into the hearts of many Soviets, the post WWII conflict was affecting the United States in much the same way. The United States was worried about the leader of the Soviet Union and his power over many countries. 5 The United States would come to realize that this would not be an easy fight to win. The leader of the Soviet Union at that time was a man named Joseph Stalin. He had much control over people's ideas and beliefs and he used that to his advantage. 8 The United States feared his leadership because of his power and his dishonesty. Stalin went back on his word to create a more democratic government inside the Soviet Union, and took total control of Poland when he said he would not at the Yalta conference in 1945. 5 Iran became the starting point of East-West confrontation. The United States and the Soviet Union had occupied parts of Iran during WWII in order to protect allied oil supplies. Both countries agreed to withdraw at wars' end. But in 1945 the Soviet Union refused to withdraw its troops. The conflict ended in 1946 when the USSR pulled out its troops in return for oil rights in Iran. 9 Later in 1946, Stalin gave a speech declaring ideological war against the West. 10 To counter Stalin's aggressive actions in 1947, the president proposed the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was designed to give military aid to Greece in its battle against communist-backed rebel forces. 11 It also gave economic aid to Turkey, whose economy was being stressed by the need to maintain a large army in order to resist the USSR and its demand for a naval base within its boundaries. President Truman's pitch to Congress was meant to scare the American people into action. It succeeded in getting the Greek-Turk ish aid bill passed and it also set the tone for the cold war. Less than a year later the United States pressured Iran to take back the previously granted oil rights to the USSR, thus creating more suspicion

John Battaglia Killed His Daughters for Revenge Against His Wife

John Battaglia Killed His Daughters for Revenge Against His Wife John David Battaglia shot and killed his two young daughters to get even with his ex-wife for reporting him to his  parole officer on a probation violation. A former Marine and CPA, John Battaglia was well liked by his friends and family. He appeared to be a good guy- fun spirited and charming. That was what MaryJean Pearle thought when she married him, but on their wedding night, Battaglias dark side began to emerge. At first,  he would fly off the handle and throw a few curse words and insults at his new wife. Pearle did not like it, but she put up with it  because they shared more good times together than bad. The following year  their first daughter, Faith, was born and then Liberty, three years later. Now with a family to consider, Pearle tried even harder to make the marriage work. An Idyllic Life With Hidden Secrets Living in an upscale neighborhood in Dallas, the small family seemed to have an idyllic life. But inside the home, Battaglias violent episodes began happening more often. He verbally abused Pearle, screaming obscenities at her and calling her vile names.   As time went on, the verbal attacks lasted longer and in an effort to keep her family together, Pearle endured it. The girls adored their dad, who had always been a gentle and loving father to them, even though his temper tantrums that he unleashed on Pearle continued to increase. Then one night, his anger switched from verbally attacking Pearle to going after her physically. She was able to get away and call 911. Battaglia was placed on probation and although he was allowed to see the girls, he was not allowed to enter their home. The separation gave Pearle a chance to think and it did not take long for her to realize that after seven years of abuse and having her children exposed to a lot of it, that it was time to file for a divorce. Christmas 1999 On Christmas day in 1999, Pearle allowed Battaglia to come into the home so he could visit with the girls. The visit ended in the two of them arguing and Battaglia violently attacking Pearle. He beat her with full force on the back of her head as she tried to protect herself from the blows. Battaglia was arrested and charged with assault. He was put on two years probation and was forbidden to have contact with Pearle. He could also not visit his daughters for 30 days. When the 30 days ended, normal weekly visitation started back up and so did the verbal assaults toward his ex-wife. Rage and Resentment The divorce came through the following August, but that did not deter Battaglia from leaving obscene and often threatening messages on his ex-wifes phone. As the threats progressed, Pearle became more fearful that one day her ex-husband might really act on what he was saying, but the thought that he would ever hurt the girls did not enter her mind. Visitation between the girls and their father continued. After a particularly frightening call from Battaglia in April 2001, Pearle decided it was time to get help. She contacted her ex-husbands probation officer and reported that he had been making threatening calls, which was a violation of his parole.   A few weeks later, on May 2, Battaglia found out that his parole had been revoked and that he was probably going to be arrested for the calls that he made to his ex-wife and for testing positive for marijuana.  He was assured by a police officer that the warrant would not be executed in front of his children and that he could make arrangements with his lawyer to peacefully turn himself in. He was scheduled to have the girls over for dinner that same night and Pearle,  not knowing that Battaglia had any knowledge that she had reported him to his parole officer, dropped off the girls with him at the normal meeting place. A Daughters Cry Later that evening, Pearle received a message from one of her daughters. When she returned the call, Battaglia put the call on speakerphone, and told his daughter Faith to ask her mother, Why do you want Daddy to go to jail? Then Pearle heard her daughter screaming, No, Daddy, please dont, dont do it. Gunshots  followed the childs cry and then Battaglia screamed, Merry (profanity) Christmas, then there were more gunshots. Mary Jean Pearle hung up the phone and frantically called 911. After shooting 9-year-old Faith three times and 6-year-old Liberty five times Battaglia went to his office where he left one more message, but this time to his dead daughters. Goodnight my little babies, he said. I hope youre resting in a different place. I love you, and I wish that you had nothing to do with your mother. She was evil and vicious and stupid. I love you dearly. Then he met up with a girlfriend and went to a bar and then to a tattoo shop and had two red roses tattooed on his left arm in honor of his daughters that he had just murdered. Battaglia was arrested as he left the tattoo shop at 2 a.m. It took four officers to restrain and handcuff him. Officers took a fully loaded revolver from Battaglias truck after his arrest. Inside his apartment, police found several firearms and the automatic pistol used in the shootings laying on the kitchen floor. Autopsy Faith had three gunshot wounds, including a shot to her back which severed her spinal cord and ruptured her aorta, a contact shot to the back of her head which exited her forehead, and a shot to her shoulder. Either of the first two shots would have been rapidly fatal. Six-year-old Liberty had four gunshot wounds and a graze wound to the top of her head. One shot entered her back, severed her spinal cord, went through a lung, and lodged in her chest. After losing about one-third of her blood, she received a contact shot to her head which passed through her brain, exited her face, and was immediately fatal. A History of Abuse is Revealed In less than 20 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Battaglia guilty of murder.   During the  punishment phase of the  trial, Battaglias first wife,  Michelle Gheddi, testified about the abuse she had suffered during their marriage that lasted from 1985 to 1987, and then after their divorce. Twice  Battaglia was physically violent toward Gheddis son from a previous marriage. Once when Ms. Gheddi was traveling with  Battaglia  in the car, he became angry at some other motorists and tried to reach for a gun he had in the car. They separated after an incident in which Battaglia struck Gheddi while she was holding their daughter Kristy, causing her to drop the child. After the separation, Battaglia stalked Gheddi,  watched her through the windows of her home, followed her in his car and somehow managed to tap her phone line.  He called Gheddis employers and creditors and made false statements about her. He threatened to kill himself and her, and once described to her in detail how he planned to cut her up and kill her with a knife. One night Gheddi woke up sometime after midnight to find her estranged husband standing over her bed and holding her shoulders down. He wanted to have sex, but she refused. Later she filed a police report about the incident. In January of 1987, Battaglia spent several days in jail after throwing a rock at Gheddi through her car window. After his release, things seemed to improve, but for only for a few months. Gheddi again filed charges against Battaglia after two more violent episodes.  Battaglia begged her to drop the charges, but she refused. Later that day, he approached Gheddi outside of her sons school. Smiling as he came toward her, he told her, If Im going back to jail, Im going to make it worth my while. He then beat Gheddi until she lost consciousness, breaking her nose and dislocating her jaw. After she got out of the hospital, he threatened to do the same to her son, so she moved to Louisiana At noon on the day that Faith and Liberty were killed,  Battaglia left a message on Gheddis  answering machine saying that maybe Pearl should lose her kids. He left another message later that evening for Kristy, telling her that he was sending her money for college and to use it wisely. Psychiatric Testimony Four forensic psychiatrists testified about  Battaglias mental state when he murdered his children.  They all agreed that Battaglia suffered from bipolar disorder, and all but one of the doctors thought that with the proper medication and under a controlled environment, he was a low risk for future criminal violence. All of the doctors testified that Battaglia knew what he was doing when he murdered his daughters. Death Sentence On May 1, 2002, after deliberating for close to seven hours, the jury agreed with the prosecutors who felt that the murders were a result of Battaglia seeking revenge because of his ex-wifes actions and that he could pose a possible threat in the future.  Battaglia, who was 46 years old at the time, was sentenced to death  by lethal injection. Best Little Friends Referring to his daughters as his best little friends, Battaglia told The Dallas Morning News that he did not feel like he had killed his daughters and that he was, a little bit in the blank about what happened. During the interview Battaglia showed no remorse for murdering his daughters,  instead placing the blame for his situation on his ex-wife, the prosecutor, the judge and the news media. He said that  Pearle was putting a lot of financial pressure on him and that after the divorce he had to work two jobs to keep up with his obligations.   On the night that he shot and killed his daughters, he said that Faith had told him that  Pearle was trying to have him arrested. Stressed out, exhausted, angered and wanting  Pearle to suffer, he did the one thing he knew would hurt her the most. He killed the children, although he says he has little memory of the actual event. Execution Halted Hours Before Battaglia was Scheduled to Die John Battaglia,  age 60,  was scheduled for lethal injection on Wednesday, March 30, 2016, for the revenge killing of his two young daughters, but the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals  put a halt to it. The court agreed with Battaglias attorney that he has a right to claim that he is too mentally incompetent and delusional to be executed investigated. Battaglia was eventually executed by lethal injection on Feb. 1, 2018, in the  Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville, Texas.

The Descent of Hag

The Descent of Hag The Descent of Hag The Descent of Hag By Mark Nichol The headline of this post uses descent in two senses: This post discusses the etymological origin of hag, but it also points out how the connotation of the term has plummeted in status. The contemporary connotation of hag is â€Å"old woman,† with additional senses of a careless, ugly, or evil appearance; the offensive term â€Å"fag hag† refers to a straight woman who associates with gay men. In the Middle Ages, the term referred to a female demon or an evil spirit, but it was originally associated with highly respected oracles, or soothsayers. Hag is the truncated version of the Old English term hagetes (also spelled hagtesse), meaning â€Å"witch† or â€Å"sorceress.† The second syllable, later misidentified as a mere suffix, was lopped off, but that’s the essential element; it’s probably related to words in other languages referring to demons or spirits, while hag is likely cognate with hedge. The significance of that term is that hedges were considered the boundary between civilization and the wild, and witches- and reclusive women with mysterious healing abilities who were sometimes accused of being witches- straddled both worlds. A term with a loose association, hagridden, refers to sleep paralysis, because of the belief that one’s sense of being immobilized while lying in bed was caused by a spirit bearing down on the sufferer; by extension, the term also means â€Å"tormented,† and the verb hagride means â€Å"torment.† Similarly, the rare adjective hagged originally meant â€Å"bewitched† and later acquired the sense of â€Å"gaunt,† due to the belief that such an appearance was the result of bewitchment. Haggard, originally meaning â€Å"unruly† or â€Å"wild,† is not directly related- it comes from the Old French phrase faulcon hagard (â€Å"wild falcon†)- but it’s a distant relation that acquired the sense of â€Å"worn† by association with hag. Other related words include the archaic noun haw, meaning â€Å"enclosure† (the first syllable of hawthorn), and hex, which originally referred to a witch but later came to apply to a witch’s spell. (Haggle has a separate derivation; it’s related to hack.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withWriting the Century25 Idioms with Clean

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust Case Study

Resulting and Constructive Trust in Equity & Trust - Case Study Example She also, throughout the relationship, looked after the children and performed all the usual domestic duties around the home. In Sept 2003, Lynn formed a liaison with another man and moved out of the house. She brought an action against Mike claiming that she was entitled to a half-share in the house by reason of her contributions to the house hold expenses during the period the parties lived together. According to the evidence at the trial in the High Court, both Lynn and Mike had assumed that the house was jointly owned although the matter was never actually discussed between them. It is also not in dispute that, if it had not been for the fact that Lynn was working part-time, Mike would not have been able to meet the mortgage payments out of his own salary. 1) Applying Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset (1994) 1 A.C. 107, (HL), in the absence of any finding of an agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share beneficially, Lynn's indirect contributions to household expenses were insufficient to found a beneficial interest in the house. In particular, the court refused to follow the decision of Mr. Nicholas Mostyn Q.C. (sitting as a deputy High judge) in Le v Le Foe (2002) 2 F.L.R. 970on the ground that it was inconsistent with Lord Bridge's speech in Rosset; 2) Distinguishing Midlands Bank Plc v Cooke (1995) 4 All E.R. 562 (C.A.), it was not open to the court to assess Glady's beneficial share in the house by undertaking a survey of the whole course of dealings between the parties relevant to their ownership and occupation of the property. The principle enunciated in Cooke applied only to the establishment of an equitable interest through direct contributions. In December 2004, the Court of Appeal dismissed Lynn's appeal affirming both grounds given by the High Court. Task: Lynn now wishes to appeal to the House of Lords against the Court of Appeal's decision and seeks your written opinion on the merits of her claim. You should support your advice by reference to decided cases. Answer: The current state of caselaw on implied trust and beneficial or equitable interest in property due to indirect contributions to family home is not favourable to the appeal being considered by Lynn Jones. English courts are reluctant to adopt the remedial constructive trust principles of Canadian courts. It seems to be that judicial reasoning on implied trust rely on contributions to the purchase price and provable agreement, arrangement or understanding between the parties to share the property beneficially prevent the application of principles of justice and conscience in the present case. The facts of the problem show that the court had already struck down Lynn Jones arguments on the application of resulting trust principles because of the lack of contribution to the purchase price or proof of agreement, arrangement or understanding to share equitable interest. Not only the Rosset and Cooke cases but also the basic direction of

Compare and contrast the depiction of Muslim men to that of Muslim Essay

Compare and contrast the depiction of Muslim men to that of Muslim women in orientalist discourses - Essay Example im scholars try to disprove the oppressed and inferior position of Muslim women and state that such opinion was necessary for West to keep the opinion about the East as about the backward part of the world. The orientalism in the broadest sense is the description of the East and Islam from a certain point of view, which carries a fair share of subjectivity and not always reflects the true state of affairs, but often distorts the reality. The orientalism considers Islam and everything connected with it – a culture, a civilization, a geographical area as something that contradicts with rational human principles of the West. â€Å"Whether they are televised or printed, it is not surprising that Western media reports maintain a constant distorted image of Arabs and Muslims. Fabricated stereotypes of Islam are omnipresent in Western media through all means of communication. What is lamentably odd is that Arabs and Muslims are seen as one and unique entity with the aim to be arbitrarily regarded collectively as anti-rational, barbaric, anti-democratic, etc. To achieve this aim the western media deliberately distort many Islamic concepts† (Ridouani, 2011). If to look at a question with the eyes of orientalists, the following picture appears: Muslim women didnt make any contribution to history, they either were sold on the markets or were kept in harems as sexual objects. â€Å"Stories about Muslim women living in non-Western countries were often stories about political violence where they were represented as victims of violence and Islamic practices. Representations of Muslim women were also marked by a continual obsession with the veil. Muslim women were often portrayed as victims in need of Western liberation† (Mishra, 2007). Men on the contrary are depicted as tyrants and oppressors, who are humiliating women, and if to look at the issue from the point of view of the West, the East, especially Islamic world, was a huge harem. Ð ¡ertainly, there are certain reasons

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay Example for Free

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in 1916 in Seattle, Washington. In 2004, it became one of the United State’s largest manufacturers with nearly 160, 000 employees and a net income of $1. 87 billion. It was the world’s largest aerospace company and for decades, had dominated the world’s commercial aviation market. THEIR STRATEGY Their main strategy was to streamline their core processes and to diversify. In streamlining their core processes, Boeing adopted simpler procedures for configuring aircraft to specifications, scheduling, ordering parts and managing inventory. They also diversified and entered into other markets, becoming more agile geographically and becoming less dependent on the highly cycled commercial jetliner market. They also integrated defense systems, Capital Corporation and the commercial airlines. HOW I. T. FACTORED INTO THAT In launching the aforementioned integration and innovative technologies, Boeing needed high end Information Technology expertise. That helped them launch a couple of websites including MyBoeingFleet. com. They also launched the Boeing Connexion and the Airplane Health Management (AHM). They went further and took great strides to understand both the airlines and the airline customers and integrate their business processes with Information Technology. This helped them provide broader services and is the main source of the e-enabled technology mentioned in the case study. This helped them plan and prioritize current and future processes effectively. THE MARKET Their market initially was the United States military which drove their technology but later grew to include commercial airliners. Their commercial airline market rapidly grew to 60% of the market world over and they appeared to have reached the pinnacle of the corporate might. As this happened, the only direction Boeing seemed to be headed was downward due to the emergence of big competitors. THEIR COMPETITION In the commercial airliner, Airbus seemed to be their biggest competition but because of all the technologies they integrated into their business, it was competing in segmented markets against industry giants like Oracle, IBM and Accenture as well as Garmin International and Aero Exchange International but their visionary leadership and their willingness to invest in technology sees them come out on top. THEIR WEAKNESS One of the main weaknesses of Boeing was their inablitiy to meet delivery schedules for airlines. Some airplanes they manufactured were also said to be inefficient but that did not stop them from producing more of those aircrafts which led to the belief that they are out of touch with their customers. Also, their frequent change of leadership could be considered a weakness as that makes them frequently go back to the drawing board to re-strategize.

Food Processing :: essays research papers

Food Processing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of mankind science has searched into the realms of the unknown. Along with it bringing new discoveries, allowing for our lives to become healthier, more efficient, safer, and at the same time, possibly more dangerous. Among the forces driving scientists into these many experiments, is the desire to preserve the one fuel that keeps our lives going; FOOD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As early as the beginning of the 19th century, major breakthroughs in food preservation had begun. Soldiers and seamen, fighting in Napoleons army were living off of salt-preserved meats. These poorly cured foods provided minimal nutritional value, and frequent outbreaks of scurvy were developing. It was Napoleon who began the search for a better mechanism of food preservation, and it was he who offered 12,000-franc pieces to the person who devised a safe and dependable food-preservation process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The winner was a French chemist named Nicolas Appert. He observed that food heated in sealed containers was preserved as long as the container remained unopened or the seal did not leak. This became the turning point in food preservation history. Fifty years following the discovery by Nicolas Appert, another breakthrough had developed. Another Frenchman, named Louis Pasteur, noted the relationship between microorganisms and food spoilage. This breakthrough increased the dependability of the food canning process. As the years passed new techniques assuring food preservation would come and go, opening new doors to further research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Farmers grow fruits and vegetables and fatten livestock. The fruits and vegetables are harvested, and the livestock is slaughtered for food. What happens between the time food leaves the farm and the time it is eaten at the table? Like all living things, the plants and animals that become food contain tiny organisms called microorganisms. Living, healthy plants and animals automatically control most of these microorganisms. But when the plants and animals are killed, the organisms yeast, mold, and bacteria begin to multiply, causing the food to lose flavor and change in color and texture. Just as important, food loses the nutrients that are necessary to build and replenish human bodies. All these changes in the food are what people refer to as food spoilage. To keep the food from spoiling, usually in only a few days, it is preserved. Many kinds of agents are potentially destructive to the healthful characteristics of fresh foods. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, rapidly spoil food. Enzymes which are present in all raw food, promote degradation and chemical changes affecting especially texture and flavor. Atmospheric oxygen may react with food constituents, causing rancidity or color changes. Equally as harmful are infestations by insects and rodents, which

Dell in Brazil

1. Why did Dell decide to invest in Brazil? Dell decided to invest in Brazil because of its strategy to expand internationally. Dell had operations in many countries but did not have any manufacturing plants in Latin America, which was the fastest growing market for computers. Brazil was the ideal place for its manufacturing plant in Latin America because it presented a huge potential market for Dell since it was Latin America’s largest country with over 170 million people. Dell felt that the only way to dominate and become effective it the Brazilian market was to have its own manufacturing plant in Brazil.In addition, Brazil contained high import tariffs which would cut away at Dell’s profits if it had to export products from the U. S. into Brazil. Also attractive was Brazil’s membership in Mercosul. This would be beneficial for Dell because any company producing 60% of a product in a Mercosul country would be exempt from all tariffs when exporting to other coun tries associated with Mercosul. These countries associated with Mercosul included Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Boliva, and Brazil. Therefore, Dell would have an advantage when exporting its products from Brazil to any of these other Mercosul countries. . What were the pros and cons of the five short-listed states for Dell’s investment in Brazil? Why did Dell select to invest in the state of Rio Grande do Sul? The 5 short listed states for Dell’s investment in Brazil included Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, and Minas Gerais. Some of the pros that were common in all of these states were adequate levels of education, a sufficient pool of qualified labor, a steady supply of electricity, and sufficient telecommunications and transportation infrastructure.Beginning with the pros for Sao Paulo, this state contained the largest market for personal computers in Brazil due to its large population. It also had a huge supply of skilled labor. Sao Paul o presented two attractive locations for the plant in the cities of Sao Jose dos Campos and Campinas. The cons for Sao Paulo included the mannerisms of the state government officials who seemed indifferent to Dell’s specific needs and concerns. Sao Paulo’s investment promotion agency did not seem catering to Dell’s selection team since the state did not have any problems attracting foreign investment.In addition, Sao Paulo did not offer Dell any special financial incentives to attract their investment. Next, Rio de Janeiro had several pros common to all 5 states as previously mentioned. However, the state offered Dell very few financial incentives with the intention of receiving a counter offer from Dell. Dell responded negatively to this initial low offering of incentives and did not return to renegotiate. Parana also contained the same pros that were common among the 5 states. On the other hand, the main negative of the state included the amount of financial i ncentives that the government was offering.These financial incentives did not compare to the financial incentives that other states such as Rio Grande do Sul offered. In addition, the state and its promotional agency did not seem determined to attract Dell’s investment. Dell was given a general presentation that did not address the company specifically. Aside from the common pros listed above, Minas Gerais greatest advantage was its investment promotion agency INDI. The agency was very qualified and catering to Dell’s concerns. The INDI even set up meetings for Dell’s selection team to meet state government officials.The state also offered favorable financial incentives that included a 70% reduction in ICMS tax for 10 years and a loan of R$20 million to be paid back in a 4 year period with a 4 year grace period. The state also offered free land for the plant to be built on. However, the cons of Minas Gerais centered around the region being highly industrialized. The Dell selection team felt that the state was a â€Å"heavy-industry, rust-belt, region. † Because of this, Dell felt that the government would not be able to satisfy Dell’s specific needs as a high-technology company.The last state was Rio Grande Do Sul, which was most attractive to Dell. The biggest plus of this state was its independent, non-profit investment promotion agency, Polo. Polo was very helpful in addressing Dell’s concerns and even went to Dell’s office in Texas to give a presentation. The Polo was eager to seek high technology investment and was determined to attract Dell’s investment. For other pros, Rio Grande do Sul had an adequate infrastructure and had one of the most efficient telecommunications infrastructures in the country.This would create huge cost savings for the plant. The state also posed few security concerns as its roads were much safer than roads in other states such as Sao Paulo. Rio Grande Do Sul’s capita l, Porto Alegre, was the ideal location of the plant. This city specifically made Dell feel at ease since the crime rate was very low. Other pros included existence of many established universities, a huge pool of skilled labor, and a high standard of living among the population.Most of all, the government offered Dell the most favorable incentives out of the 5 states. It offered a 75% reduction in ICMS tax for 12 years, and R$20 million loan with a 5 year grace period and a 10 year payback period. The main negative of Rio Grande Do Sul was the recent change in its state government creating an uncertainty in political views toward foreign investment. Olivio Dutra had just been voted into office and was greatly opposed to the deal and the financial incentives that had been previously offered to Dell by the state.This change in the political environment was a huge negative as Dell’s new deal was now discarded. Dell eventually decided to invest in the Rio Grande Do Sul mainly be cause of its investment promotion agency, Polo. As described above, the Polo was very catering to Dell’s specific needs. Polo was very well prepared when the site selection team came to visit. The agency arranged private interviews with business leaders and state officials. It even took Dell’s selection team to a local bar that resembled the atmosphere of Texas.This local microbrewery contained well educated and friendly people, which convinced the team that there was certainly qualified, personable, and articulate people that could be hired at the new plant. Polo’s determination and quick, thorough preparation won the attention of Dell’s selection. In addition, the state offered Dell the most favorable financial incentives out of the 5 states. 3. Why didn’t the new governor Olivio Dutra approve of the deal that former governor Britto had negotiated with Dell? Olivio Dutra was part of the socialist Workers’ Party.He did not approve of the de al because he was opposed to the government giving multinational corporations special incentives and benefits. By offering these corporations special benefits, the multinational corporations could play each state against each other for their own self interest. Many felt that these corporations were already extremely wealthy and did not need to be seeking tax advantages from poor states. Throughout his campaign against governor Britto, he focused on criticizing the excessive benefits that Britto had given these multinational corporations.Therefore, when Dutra finally took office, he had to follow through with his words and take action. This then led to Dutra rejecting Dell and Ford’s deals by suspending the loans granted to these corporations and refusing to offer tax incentives. 4. Given the changed terms of operation, which of Dell’s options seems most plausible to you: (a) Leave Brazil entirely? ; (b) Move the plant to another state? ; or (c) Try to renegotiate with Governor Dutra? I believe that Dell should first try to renegotiate with Governor Dutra. Dutra’s actions had already cause the state to lose Ford’s investment.Losing another huge opportunity for investment in Rio Grande Do Sul would be horrible for Dutra’s reputation as the new governor. Therefore, I believe Dutra would be willing to be less strict concerning its â€Å"no incentives† policy. As the case states, Dutra was even willing to renegotiate with Ford after hearing that it was moving its operations to another state. However, Ford had already made their decision to move and was not going to renegotiate. Therefore, I believe Dutra would not also risk losing Dell’s investment and would be even more willing to renegotiate with the company.It would not hurt Dell to see what Dutra will offer during renegotiations. If Dutra still maintains a strict stance on providing few incentives, then Dell should move its operations to Minas Gerais, which had a lso offered favorable financial incentives. Although the company may be concerned over the political policy uncertainty of Dutra, Dutra has had a reputation for his honest and effective ways. For this reason, if he does grant Dell financial incentives, he would stay true to his words so Dell would not have to question the future political environment. 5) In your view, which factor was decisive for Governor Dutra’s new relaxed policy towards Dell? The decisive factor for Governor Dutra’s new relaxed policy was Ford’s decision to move its operations out of the state to Bahia. The loss of Ford’s investment was detrimental to Rio Grande do Sul because Ford’s operations in the state could have improved its economy and provided thousands of jobs for its residents. For this reason, this lost opportunity was very bad for Governor Dutra’s political reputation in the eyes of Rio Grande do Sul’s people.If Governor Dutra also let Dell’s in vestment slip away, this could ruin Dutra’s political status and eliminate his chances of ever being reelected as governor. Therefore, Dutra probably learned from his mistake in the Ford renegotiations of being too strict with his â€Å"no incentive† policy. Dell could easily move its operations to another state such as Minas Gerais, who also offered Dell similar incentives. This would be easy to do since Dell had not yet started to build its plant in Rio Grande do Sul. This certainly caused Dutra to have a more relaxed policy towards Dell with the intention to not lose Dell’s investment as well.

Candy empathy task Essay

Well, here I am again on the same old ranch full of the same old ranch workers. It wasn’t going to be like this. I nearly got away from it all. Ya see, in all them other I had a dream. Made me feel kinda special, I s’pose, because there ain’t too many guys who hang on to a vision these days. Anyhow, Lennie’s gone now. I gotta say even if he was a crazy bastard that shattered my dream, he was someone to talk to, in fact; he was the one that told me about the dream in the first place. I will miss that crazy bastard. Ways are back to what they were before George and Lennie turned up. The same old people as before. Curley is still as cocky as before except he has a screwed up hand. I heard Curley say to Carlson that if he comes across another girl that he likes his hand is going into that glove again. And the other difference is that my companion is not here. I remember how he used to follow me everywhere even if he was getting a bit old and did not look very attractive like he used to; but that was hardly his fault. Still if it had to be done I would have preferred to do it myself. He was my dog, my companion, my friend. I don’t know how I am going to get through the last few years of my life without him. I shoulda done it myself. They woulda let me leave this ranch but where would I go. I can’t go to the farm on my own can I. The thought of leaving my dog behind, is just too powerful so I’ve decided I’m not going anywhere. My dog jus goes round and round in my head. I mean, Carlson is a fine bloke ‘n’ all but I still regret it. I bet it was that Curley that told him to do it. Bloody ‘hand fulla Vaseline’ guy. From the moment Lennie and Curley met everyone was expecting trouble. I mean, that was all we talked bout at dinner. Those two are a right pair. I mean, a crazy bastard and a golden gloves champion. Yet, it looked like the crazy bastard lost in the end. After all that he did; I mean, crushing Curley’s hand and breaking his wife’s neck. He went and lost the fight. There ain’t nobody that I know of, and if there was I would know, that has done that much damage to Curley. So off he went to find Lennie and put an end to it. Then all I remember was that Carlson’s gun was missing. Rumour has it that George hadda overpower Lennie to get the gun. Then Lennie got shot in a struggle but I gotta feeling that, by the way Slim was quiet, that something is not right. Everyone’s moving on now. George has left. Lennie is dead. Curley’s wife is dead. Curley’s gotta new girlfriend. I nearly hadda new pup from Lulu, Slim’s dog, but jus as I was pickin’ it it made me feel bad inside; made me feel even worse bout my old companion.

Habits and Traits of Centipedes, Class Chilopoda

Habits and Traits of Centipedes, Class Chilopoda Taken literally, the name centipede means one hundred feet. While they do have a lot of legs, the name is really a misnomer. Centipedes can have anywhere from 30 to over 300 legs, depending on the species. Class Chilopoda Characteristics Centipedes belong to the phylum Arthropoda and share all the characteristic arthropod traits with their cousins (insects and spiders). But beyond that, centipedes are in a class by themselves: the class Chilopoda. Description Centipede legs extend visibly from the body, with the final pairs of legs trailing behind it. This allows them to run quite fast, either in pursuit of prey or in flight from predators. Centipedes have just one pair of legs per body segment, a key distinction from millipedes. The centipede body is long and flattened, with a long pair of antennae protruding from the head. A modified pair of front legs functions as fangs used to inject venom and immobilize prey. Diet Centipedes prey on insects and other small animals. Some species also scavenge on dead or decaying plants or animals. Giant centipedes, which inhabit South America, feed on much larger animals, including mice, frogs, and snakes. While house centipedes may be creepy to find in the home, you might want to think twice about harming them. House centipedes feed on insects, including the egg cases of cockroaches. Life Cycle Centipedes may live for as long as six years. In tropical environments, centipede reproduction usually continues year-round. In seasonal climates, centipedes overwinter as adults and reemerge from their sheltered hideaways in spring. Centipedes undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, with three life stages. In most centipede species, females lay their eggs in soil or other damp organic matter. The nymphs hatch and go through a progressive series of molts until they reach adulthood. In many species, young nymphs have fewer pairs of legs than their parents. With each molt, the nymphs gain more pairs of legs. Special Adaptations and Defenses When threatened, centipedes use a number of different strategies to defend themselves. Large, tropical centipedes dont hesitate to attack and can inflict a painful bite. Stone centipedes use their long hind legs to throw a sticky substance at their attackers. The centipedes that live in the soil dont usually try to retaliate. Instead, they curl into a ball to protect themselves. House centipedes choose flight over fight, skittering quickly out of harms way.

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin Celsius and Kelvin are the two most important temperature scales for scientific measurements. Fortunately, its easy to convert between them because the two scales have the same size degree.  All that is needed to convert Celsius to Kelvin is one simple step. (Note its Celsius, not Celcius, a common mis-spelling.) Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Formula Take your Celsius temperature and add 273.15. K  °C 273.15Your answer will be in Kelvin. Remember, the Kelvin temperature scale does not use the degree ( °) symbol. The reason is because Kelvin is an absolute scale, based on absolute zero, while the zero on the Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. Also, measurements given in Kelvin will always be larger numbers than in Celsius. Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Examples For example, if you want to know what 20 °C is in Kelvin: K 20 273.15   293.15 K If you want to know what -25.7 °C is in Kelvin: K -25.7 273.15, which may be rewritten as: K 273.15 - 25.7 247.45 K More Temperature Conversion Examples Its just as easy to convert Kelvin into Celsius. Another important temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale. If you use this scale, you should be familiar with how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and Kelvin to Fahrenheit.

Is Marijuana a Dangerous Drug Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Marijuana a Dangerous Drug - Outline Example To mitigate the effect of our subjectivity on the research we shall need to either develop or adopt pre-established criteria to evaluate the source articles to be used in explaining the molecular activity of marijuana, and its effect on the brain and on human behavior (Granello, 2001). The pre-defined criteria will enable us to focus on the approach to tackle the topic, for instance, shall we utilize sources from a myriad of scientific disciplines (such as internal medicine, pharmacology, psychology, and psychiatry) or shall we restrict ourselves to specific disciplines. Also, the defined criteria should enable us to critically evaluate and make objective comparisons of the different research studies that are available (Granello, 2001). For example, when we are talking about the medicinal uses of marijuana there is the physical as well as the psychological factors at play.  Purpose:  The non-scholarly article (which we shall refer to as NS in this discussion), is written to raise awareness about the increasingly negative effects of drinking too much beer in combination with other factors within the room where the victim is drinking. The purpose of the scholarly paper is to increase knowledge in the given area of effects of alcohol on perception using the cognitive neuroscience approach.  Intended audience:  The NS is targeting beer-drinking working-class adults while the scholarly article is targeting academics and scholars such as those in the fields of neuroscience and neuropsychology.  Structure:  NS is written in an informal, journalistic structure where the focus is on the appealing ‘beer goggle’ hypothesis. The scholarly article is divided into sections such present research, hypothesis, results, a discussion which enable the reader to logically follow the main argument of the paper.

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Essay

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Foucauldian notion of resistance, as opposed to the Critical Theory concept of emancipation - Essay Example ies which were affected, the protestors used common ways of civil resistance such as demonstrations, strikes, peaceful rallies and marches as well as the use of social media platforms to mobilize, raise awareness, organize and enhance coordination between the protestors. Most of the demonstrations were often met with violent repression from the regimes which they sought to challenge. For example in places like Libya, the Gaddafi regime used counter demonstration attacks in its attempt to crush the popular revolt. In an attempt to understand the causes of the recent Arab spring across most Middle Eastern countries, many researchers have increasingly adopted both the use of the concept of emancipation as well as the Foucauldian notion of resistance. According to Leonard (1990, p. 126), critical theory is defined as a critique to the social injustices which result from capitalism, misappropriation of public resources and the commoditification of our contemporary society. Critical theories attempt to explain the present social conditions, how such conditions have transformed as well as how they maintain their validity in the changing society. On the other hand, Foucauldian notion of resistance suggests that resistance such as the events witnessed during the Arab spring are largely a reaction to the domination and pervasive power. According to Foucault, there can be no power without resistance. This paper critically analyzes the critical theories with particular focus on the use of Foucauldian notion of resistance as opposed to the concept of emancipation in the critical theory. The two concepts of resistance and emancipation are closely related in that they both attempt to explain the attempts by individuals and societies to minimize domination, achieve equality as well as the efforts to achieve more political and social rights. There are however a number of differences between Foucauldian notion of resistance and the concept of emancipation. As opposed to

Functions of the main organs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functions of the main organs - Research Paper Example It has the yes for vision .In addition, this bird of prey has a skeleton that is made of tiny bones to support its body and protect internal organs. The owl has a beak that it uses majorly for feeding (Owl Center, n.d). Just like other organisms adapt to their environments for survival, the owl has some specific adaptation that makes it survive in the environments where they live. The first area where the owl has adapted to is hunting at night. Majority if owls are nocturnal and they hunt for food during the night (Owl Center, n.d). They have therefore adapted to see their prey at night, something that some other birds cannot be able to do. The first area of adaption is the owl’s eyesight. The owl’s eyesight is physiologically adapted to the environment to make the animal a good hunter at night. One aspect that makes the owl to have good sight at night is the sunken eyes (Owl Center, n.d). The owl is known to have sunk eyes which are able to collect available light at night and intensify it to make the bird be able to see its preys at night. Even though it does not have perfect vision at night, it can still be able to see its preys in the darkness. The second physiological adaption of the owl that aids good vision even at night is the large eyes. A large section of the owl’s head contains its eyes. The eyes are large and are able to collect maximum light to aid vision even at night. In addition, the eyes of the owl are located close together (Owl Center, n.d). This therefore gives it an overlapping field of view. The eyes are located at the front of its head and not the side and this makes it able to see what is ahead of clearly. Even though the eyes are located close to each other in the front of the bird’s head, it is still able to see round. This is because the owl has a flexible neck that makes it possible for it to turn its head round. This is facilitated by the fourteen vertebrae in the owl’s neck that

Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB)

Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) HSC Topic One: Business Management and Change Case Study Billabong Management Theory Behavioural Management Theory Creative thinking and innovation are of greater importance than ruthless efficiency. Managers see their roles primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to customers stakeholders. Workers overcame problems and gave input into the way Billabong was run. Primarily to do with business culture and lack of morale caused by inertia of managers their resistance to change BILLABONG Sources of Change * External influences Economic factors: Negative: level of unemployment and growth/interest rates means less people can afford BBs products Rising incomes in East Asia and South America have helped create new markets Social factors: Changing consumer tastes Increasing tastes in sports such as skateboarding and surfing BMX now included at Olympics increases recognition of sport and clothing Political factors: Protectionism and limiting of imports through tariffs has seen BBs product strengthened in the domestic market Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen improved overseas sales. Geographic: Pollution of beaches discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to release Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like Hawaii Internal influences  · E-Commerce Positive: Simplifying logistical and organisational difficulties +: Monitoring and tracking sales à  control Internet website greater relationship/interaction with customers  · New Procedures Private à   Public Comply with legal regulations meant à  financial record systems for annual financial report Tighter control over finances so as to increase return for investors  · Business Culture Management team changed in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more professional managers with greater business knowledge and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the business Structural responses to change Outsourcing Production to SE Asia and China Response to economic and financial influences Allows company to focus more on design and marketing Lowers costs to maintain competitive advantage in price-sensitive markets Strategic Alliances Cooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus Tour Both had similar target markets Increased brand recognition and awareness Reasons for resistance to change Financial Costs Developing new products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires money Acquiring smaller businesses, eg. Honolua Surf Company cost around $20billion Inertia of owners International expansion brings some risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore saw resistance from shareholders Managing change effectively Identifying need for change BB gained an edge over competitors by being one of the first businesses to expand overseas in the early 1980s Diversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market share Creating culture of change New management team in 1998 acted as ‘change agents achieved growth by constantly observing and pursuing new opportunities Change Models (force field analysis) Driving Forces Restraining Forces à  revenue New opportunities for staff Year round demand (seasons) Costs of production Lack of new designers Need to hire new managers for new departments Change and Social Responsibility Ecological Sustainability Surfrider Foundation Conservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores Quality of life Encourages team work and a relaxed atmosphere both in the office and in retail stores BB has a strict ‘no child labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilities Cultural Diversity Encourages communication between domestic and international stores/offices Employees are encouraged to transfer between international offices to gain new experiences The Nature of Management  · Management Roles -An interpersonal role is one in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorporates dynamic action and forward planning to achieve particular objectives -An informational gathers information within the business and supplys it outside the business -A decision-making role involves solving problems and making choices  · Skills of Management -People Skills -Strategic thinking -Vision -Self-Managing -Teamwork Ethical behaviour Responsibilities to stakeholders include: manage change social justice ecological sustainability compliance with the law codes of practice Understanding Business Organisations with Reference to Management theories  · Contingency Theory  · Classical-Scientific Planning, Organising, Controlling Division of labour, chain of command, autocratic leadership style meaning the manager tends to make all the decisions in the business.  · Behavioural ability to understand and work with people from a variety of backgrounds and different expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure democratic leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making.  · Political encourages the formation of coalitions to promote different points of view. Power and Influence within a business can have both a positive and negative effect. It can be sued to intimidate (negative) or empower others (positive). Legitimate power due to status or position of the person in the firm e.g management Expert power due to a result of a persons skills and expertise Referent power from a persons individual characteristics (personality and charisma) Reward Power to the rewards or compensation a manager distributes Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, Coalitions Managing Change  · Nature and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of Markets, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, technological Internal Effects of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new business cultures Structural Response to Change -Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Networks  · Reasons for Resistance to Change Financial Costs Inertia of managers and owners Cultural incompatibility in mergers and takeovers Staffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, loss of career prospects and opportunities. * Managing Change Effectively Identifying need for change- SWOT anaysis and balance sheets Setting Achievable goals mission statements and company goal Culture of Change Change Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/Refreeze Change and Social Responsibility Social Responsibility is the awareness of a businesss management of the social, environmental and human consequences of its actions. Customers eventually find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of Working life Technology E-Commerce Globalisation and Managing Cultural Diversity HSC Topic Two Financial Planning The Role of Financial Planning * Strategic role of Financial Planning strategic plan Organisational goals and objectives Managing financial resources * Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the short term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit Efficiency -manage its assets to maximise profits with the lowest possible level of assets Growth increase its size in the long term Return on capital -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution * The planning Cycle Addressing present financial position e.g revenue, p l statements, budgets Determining financial elements of the business plan Developing budgets Cash Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning financial controls Financial Markets Relevant to business financial needs * Major Participants in Financial markets Banks Financial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and secured Insurance companies -loans to the corporate sector through insurance premiums Merchant bks (investment bks) -services such as borrowing and lending to the business sector. Superannuation/Mutual funds provide funds to the corporate sector through the investment of funds received from superannuation contributions The Reserve bank of Australia (Government) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal government * The Role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) as a primary Market The ASX is the major financial exchange in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals wishing to create and exchanges financial assets in the economy * Influences on Financial Markets domestic markets e.g change in inflation, demands for funding, changes in government policies. Companies can be positively and negatively affected. Overseas influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations * Trends in Financial Markets Technology has allowed markets to become more competitive and grow allowing financial transactions all the time. Globalisation will also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets. Management of Funds * Sources of Funds Internal Owners Equity Retained Profits External Short-term borrowing Bank Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long Term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the amount of the debenture by buying back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the payment of money for the use of equipment that is owned by another party. Factoring is the selling of accounts receivable for a discounted price to a finance of factoring company. Venture Capital is funds supplied by investors to either a new organisation or to an already established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the government for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants often enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations. * Comparison of debt to equity financing Debt finance refers to short and long term borrowing from external sources of an organisation Equity Financing refers to the internal sources of finance in the organisation Gearing/Leverage is the proportion of debt to equity which is used to finance the activities of a business Using Financial Information * The Accounting Framework Financial Statements Revenue Statements shows the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show operating revenue earned from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance. Balance Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in money terms and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the level of current and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that can be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment * The accounting Equation and Relationships (A) Assets = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners Equity The accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting process which shows the relationship between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business may be financed by either the owners or by parties external to the business. COGS = inventory + purchases closing stock * Comparative Ratio Analysis By comparing ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is often used although can be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses often compare ratios against common standards such as statistics from the ABS. * Limitations for Financial Reports Historic cost accounting states that values are stated at the cost incurred at the time of purchase or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a mixture of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation. Value of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill. Effective Working Capital (Liquidity) Management * The Working Capital Ratio Working Capital Ratio = Current Assets over Current Liabilities (2:1 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES) The Working capital ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities. * Control of Current Assets Cash Balances are generally kept at a minimum and hold marketable securities as reserves of liquidity. Receivables is important in terms of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms cash position. Inventories make up a significant account of current assets and their levels must be carefully monitored so that excess or insufficient levels of stock do not occur. * Control of Current Liabilities Payables must be paid by their due dates due to avoid any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to ensure that trade credit will be extended to the business in the future. Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise costs. Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or weekly basis so that cash supplies can be controlled. * Strategies for Managing Working Capital Leasing Factoring Sale and Lease back is the selling of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years. Effective Financial Planning * Effective Cash Flow Management The activities of a business are divided into three categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees 2. Investing Activities -e.g selling of old motorbike, purchasing new property 3. Financing activities- e.g inflow selling of shares, outflow repayment of debt. * Management Strategies distributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times. discounts for early payments * Effective profitability Management Cost Control Fixed Costs e.g insurance and salaries Variable costs change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g fixing a roof. Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be directly attributed. Direct costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, department or region e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. Indirect costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions. Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be substantial if people take a close look at costs and eliminate waste and unnecessary spending. * Revenue Controls Sales objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. Research should be made to identify the effects of sales mix changes before implantation. Pricing Policy affects revenue and therefore impacts on working capital. To attract buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but still result in cash shortfalls. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management * Audited Accounts An audit is an independent check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits- 1. Internal conducted internally by employees 2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made. 3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards. * Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to reduce fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies adhere to the law. Collects information about companies and makes it accessible to the public. * Corporate Raiders and Asset Stripping Asset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders. HSC Topic 3 Marketing Case Study Types of Markets Resource BHP Billiton Industrial Painter Intermediate Gloria Jeans selling cakes Mass IBM Computers Niche ‘Mountain Bike Magazine Developing Marketing Strategies Product and Service Positioning * Qantas was under competitive pressure from Virgin Blue in the leisure market * Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments * Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money product Price including pricing methods Price Points * Jetstar International * Base price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for blanket and amenity kit and $12 for entertainment kit Promotion Advertising * Dell Computers focus much of their advertising to print media * Use inserts/pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be reading Place Distribution * Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries * Exclusive distribution (no stores), Intensive (internet) * Distribution system is e-commerce Ethical and Legal Aspects Role of Consumer Laws in dealing with Deceptive and Misleading Advertising * Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready * TV advertisement claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than ordinary batteries * Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA * Independent tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer * Federal Court ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of misleading and deceptive conduct and false representations about the quality and benefits of goods The Nature and Role of Markets and Marketing Marketing is a total system of interacting activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and potential customers. * Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buying flour to make bread Intermediate markets (resellers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase finished products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller mass produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are micro markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles * Production Production Orientation 1820s 1920s When a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060s When a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980s When a business collects information on consumer trends to sell its products * The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maximising customer satisfaction to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase. Elements of a Marketing Plan * Establishing Market Objectives * Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market Segmentation approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics. * Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps) * Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with anticipated costs. Comparing actual and planned results 1. Sales analysis comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectiveness of the marketing strategy 2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in total sales (increase or decrease) 3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks down the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities to access the effectiveness of each activity. Market Research Process Market research is the process of systematically collecting, recording and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem. The three steps of the market research process are; 1. Determining information needs 2. Collecting data from primary and secondary sources 3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheets Customer and Buyer Behaviour Customers are classified into two categories: Consumer the process of purchasing goods and services for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government. Types of Customers Household Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects business profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of buying procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest bid is generally accepted. * The Buying Process The buying process involves 5 common steps: Recognise the problem need or want requiring satisfaction Search for info brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etc Evaluate alternatives cost and benefit analysis Purchase Evaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur. * Factors influencing Customer Choice Psychological influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and rising income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. Expansion means unemployment levels start to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan. Developing Market Strategies * Pricing Strategies Price Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative products Pricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market share Loss-leader selling a product below its cost price to attract customers Price Lining a limited number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55 * Pricing Methods Cost-plus margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up) Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are high Competition based a business chooses a price based on competition, either below, equal to or above * Marketing segmentation and product Mass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes basic food items, water, gas, electricity etc. Concentrated Market Approach -By using the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer feedback. Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives * Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the location is the main contributor of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapers Selective Distribution businesses use a moderate proportion of possible outlets where customers are prepared to travel e.g clothing, furniture Exclusive Distribution only one retail, outlet in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. Physical Distribution Transport Warehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods. Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market.  · Effects on Distribution 1. Technology 2. Local Government Approving new development applications and alteration to existing premises Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the purpose for which a building and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, shape and location of business signs Ethical and legal Aspects Environmentally responsible products Materialism an individuals desire to constantly acquire possessions Impact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using questionable marketing practices Sugging Selling Under Guise of a survey, Role of Consumer Law Deceptive and misleading Price- Discrimination Implied Conditions or terms Merchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the price Fitness of purpose meaning that the product is suitable for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement implies Warranties Resale Price Maintenance Legislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketing: The Trade Practice Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Australia and has two purposes: 1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct 2. Restrictive trade practices to restrict competition as well as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the same market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power. Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companies Implied conditions in both Acts: Merchantable quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs. HSC Topic Four: Employment Relations Case Study Managing the ER function Line Management * ALDI Supermarkets * Individual store managers are expected to solve all instore problems there is no ‘area manager or specialist ER department Key influences on ER Social Inf Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) Business Management and Change at Billabong (BB) HSC Topic One: Business Management and Change Case Study Billabong Management Theory Behavioural Management Theory Creative thinking and innovation are of greater importance than ruthless efficiency. Managers see their roles primarily as motivating staff communicating the companys vision to customers stakeholders. Workers overcame problems and gave input into the way Billabong was run. Primarily to do with business culture and lack of morale caused by inertia of managers their resistance to change BILLABONG Sources of Change * External influences Economic factors: Negative: level of unemployment and growth/interest rates means less people can afford BBs products Rising incomes in East Asia and South America have helped create new markets Social factors: Changing consumer tastes Increasing tastes in sports such as skateboarding and surfing BMX now included at Olympics increases recognition of sport and clothing Political factors: Protectionism and limiting of imports through tariffs has seen BBs product strengthened in the domestic market Gov emphasising and pushing Aus exports, BB has seen improved overseas sales. Geographic: Pollution of beaches discourages people from surfing Influences what products BB have to release Snow gear in countries like Switzerland and surf gear in markets like Hawaii Internal influences  · E-Commerce Positive: Simplifying logistical and organisational difficulties +: Monitoring and tracking sales à  control Internet website greater relationship/interaction with customers  · New Procedures Private à   Public Comply with legal regulations meant à  financial record systems for annual financial report Tighter control over finances so as to increase return for investors  · Business Culture Management team changed in 1998 when Matthew Perrin and Gary Pemberton bought 49% of BB Now comprised of more professional managers with greater business knowledge and procedures than the original surf enthusiasts who established the business Structural responses to change Outsourcing Production to SE Asia and China Response to economic and financial influences Allows company to focus more on design and marketing Lowers costs to maintain competitive advantage in price-sensitive markets Strategic Alliances Cooperated with Channel V Billabong Music Bus Tour Both had similar target markets Increased brand recognition and awareness Reasons for resistance to change Financial Costs Developing new products such as skateboards and sunglasses requires money Acquiring smaller businesses, eg. Honolua Surf Company cost around $20billion Inertia of owners International expansion brings some risk from the financial backers/owners and therefore saw resistance from shareholders Managing change effectively Identifying need for change BB gained an edge over competitors by being one of the first businesses to expand overseas in the early 1980s Diversifying into skateboarding and accessories increased market share Creating culture of change New management team in 1998 acted as ‘change agents achieved growth by constantly observing and pursuing new opportunities Change Models (force field analysis) Driving Forces Restraining Forces à  revenue New opportunities for staff Year round demand (seasons) Costs of production Lack of new designers Need to hire new managers for new departments Change and Social Responsibility Ecological Sustainability Surfrider Foundation Conservation and regeneration of beaches and foreshores Quality of life Encourages team work and a relaxed atmosphere both in the office and in retail stores BB has a strict ‘no child labour policy and regularly inspects overseas production facilities Cultural Diversity Encourages communication between domestic and international stores/offices Employees are encouraged to transfer between international offices to gain new experiences The Nature of Management  · Management Roles -An interpersonal role is one in which the manager deals with people. Proactive- incorporates dynamic action and forward planning to achieve particular objectives -An informational gathers information within the business and supplys it outside the business -A decision-making role involves solving problems and making choices  · Skills of Management -People Skills -Strategic thinking -Vision -Self-Managing -Teamwork Ethical behaviour Responsibilities to stakeholders include: manage change social justice ecological sustainability compliance with the law codes of practice Understanding Business Organisations with Reference to Management theories  · Contingency Theory  · Classical-Scientific Planning, Organising, Controlling Division of labour, chain of command, autocratic leadership style meaning the manager tends to make all the decisions in the business.  · Behavioural ability to understand and work with people from a variety of backgrounds and different expectations Leading, Motivation, Communication Flatter organisational structure democratic leadership style where managers consult employees to ask suggestions and take them into account when decision making.  · Political encourages the formation of coalitions to promote different points of view. Power and Influence within a business can have both a positive and negative effect. It can be sued to intimidate (negative) or empower others (positive). Legitimate power due to status or position of the person in the firm e.g management Expert power due to a result of a persons skills and expertise Referent power from a persons individual characteristics (personality and charisma) Reward Power to the rewards or compensation a manager distributes Coercive power controls individuals by the actions or words of the manager Negotiating and Bargaining, Stakeholder views, Coalitions Managing Change  · Nature and Sources of Change in Business External Changing Nature of Markets, Economic Influences, financial, geographic, social, legal, political, technological Internal Effects of decelerating technological change, e-commerce, new systems and procedures, new business cultures Structural Response to Change -Outsourcing Flat Structure Strategic alliances Networks  · Reasons for Resistance to Change Financial Costs Inertia of managers and owners Cultural incompatibility in mergers and takeovers Staffing Considerations de-skilling, acquiring new sources, loss of career prospects and opportunities. * Managing Change Effectively Identifying need for change- SWOT anaysis and balance sheets Setting Achievable goals mission statements and company goal Culture of Change Change Models Force-Field Analysis Unfreeze/Change/Refreeze Change and Social Responsibility Social Responsibility is the awareness of a businesss management of the social, environmental and human consequences of its actions. Customers eventually find out which businesses are acting responsibly and which are not. Ecological Sustainability Quality of Working life Technology E-Commerce Globalisation and Managing Cultural Diversity HSC Topic Two Financial Planning The Role of Financial Planning * Strategic role of Financial Planning strategic plan Organisational goals and objectives Managing financial resources * Objectives of Financial management Liquidity -pay debts in the short term (less that 12 months) Profitability ability to maximise profit Efficiency -manage its assets to maximise profits with the lowest possible level of assets Growth increase its size in the long term Return on capital -profit returned to owners or stakeholders as a % of their contribution * The planning Cycle Addressing present financial position e.g revenue, p l statements, budgets Determining financial elements of the business plan Developing budgets Cash Flows Financial reports Maintaining record systems Planning financial controls Financial Markets Relevant to business financial needs * Major Participants in Financial markets Banks Financial companies -provide loans to individuals and businesses e.g personal and secured Insurance companies -loans to the corporate sector through insurance premiums Merchant bks (investment bks) -services such as borrowing and lending to the business sector. Superannuation/Mutual funds provide funds to the corporate sector through the investment of funds received from superannuation contributions The Reserve bank of Australia (Government) -acts as a banker and financial agent for the federal government * The Role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) as a primary Market The ASX is the major financial exchange in the country. It comprises the largest primary and secondary markets for companies and individuals wishing to create and exchanges financial assets in the economy * Influences on Financial Markets domestic markets e.g change in inflation, demands for funding, changes in government policies. Companies can be positively and negatively affected. Overseas influences such as world events, foreign exchange rates, tax regulation for foreign operations * Trends in Financial Markets Technology has allowed markets to become more competitive and grow allowing financial transactions all the time. Globalisation will also give overseas investors access to Australian companies and increase opportunities for Australian investors and international markets. Management of Funds * Sources of Funds Internal Owners Equity Retained Profits External Short-term borrowing Bank Overdraft allows a business to overdraw their account to an agreed limit Bank Bills Long Term Borrowing Mortgage Debentures -The company repays the amount of the debenture by buying back the debenture. Finance companies raise funds through debenture issues to the public. Leasing involves the payment of money for the use of equipment that is owned by another party. Factoring is the selling of accounts receivable for a discounted price to a finance of factoring company. Venture Capital is funds supplied by investors to either a new organisation or to an already established business ready to grow or diversify. Grants are provided by the government for businesses to develop and promote international competitiveness. Grants often enable an organisation to become competitive in the global environment e.g exporting organisations. * Comparison of debt to equity financing Debt finance refers to short and long term borrowing from external sources of an organisation Equity Financing refers to the internal sources of finance in the organisation Gearing/Leverage is the proportion of debt to equity which is used to finance the activities of a business Using Financial Information * The Accounting Framework Financial Statements Revenue Statements shows the revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period with the resultant profit or loss. Revenue statements show operating revenue earned from the main functions of the business e.g sales of inventories and the non-operating revenue earned from operations such as rent and commission. It also shows operating expenses such as rent, advertising, insurance. Balance Sheets represent the assets and liabilities at a particular point in time expressed in money terms and calculates the net worth of the business. The balance sheet shows the level of current and non-current assets and liabilities including investments and owners equity. Balance sheets indicate whether it has enough assets to cover debt interest and money borrowed that can be paid assets used to maximise profits if owners are making a good return on their investment * The accounting Equation and Relationships (A) Assets = (L) Liabilities + (OE) Owners Equity The accounting equation forms the basis of the accounting process which shows the relationship between assets, liabilities and owners equity. The accounting equation shows that the assets of the business may be financed by either the owners or by parties external to the business. COGS = inventory + purchases closing stock * Comparative Ratio Analysis By comparing ratios of a firm over time reveals trends and indicate directions for the future. Comparisons with other businesses and industry ratios is often used although can be inaccurate due to differences in companies and industries. Businesses often compare ratios against common standards such as statistics from the ABS. * Limitations for Financial Reports Historic cost accounting states that values are stated at the cost incurred at the time of purchase or acquisition, meaning financial statements will be a mixture of different year figures. Historic cost has been used for a long time although may become inaccurate in times of inflation. Value of Intangibles licences, trademarks, brand names and goodwill. Effective Working Capital (Liquidity) Management * The Working Capital Ratio Working Capital Ratio = Current Assets over Current Liabilities (2:1 ACCEPTABLE ALTHOUGH VARIES) The Working capital ratio shows if current assets can cover current liabilities. * Control of Current Assets Cash Balances are generally kept at a minimum and hold marketable securities as reserves of liquidity. Receivables is important in terms of management of working capital. The quicker the debtors pay, the better the firms cash position. Inventories make up a significant account of current assets and their levels must be carefully monitored so that excess or insufficient levels of stock do not occur. * Control of Current Liabilities Payables must be paid by their due dates due to avoid any extra cash charges imposed for late payment and to ensure that trade credit will be extended to the business in the future. Loans management of loans is important for establishment interest rates and ongoing charges must be investigated and monitored to minimise costs. Overdrafts policies should be used to manage bank overdrafts and monitor budgets on a daily or weekly basis so that cash supplies can be controlled. * Strategies for Managing Working Capital Leasing Factoring Sale and Lease back is the selling of an owned asset to a lesser and leasing the asset back through fixed payments for a specified number of years. Effective Financial Planning * Effective Cash Flow Management The activities of a business are divided into three categories as a statement of cash flows 1. Operating Activities e.g inflow cash and credit, outflow payments to employees 2. Investing Activities -e.g selling of old motorbike, purchasing new property 3. Financing activities- e.g inflow selling of shares, outflow repayment of debt. * Management Strategies distributing payments through out a month or year or different period so that cash shortfalls do not occur payments and bad debt of accounts by debtors can cause shortfalls of cash for businesses at important times. discounts for early payments * Effective profitability Management Cost Control Fixed Costs e.g insurance and salaries Variable costs change with the level of activity within a business e.g materials and labour used in the production of a product e.g fixing a roof. Cost Centres are particular areas, departments or sections of a business to which costs can be directly attributed. Direct costs are those allocated from a particular product, activity, department or region e.g depreciation of equipment used solely in the production of one good. Indirect costs come from shared projects, activities, departments or regions. Staff should be motivated to minimise expenses where possible as savings can be substantial if people take a close look at costs and eliminate waste and unnecessary spending. * Revenue Controls Sales objectives must be at a level of sales that will cover costs (fixed and variable) and result in profit. Changes to the sales mix can affect revenue. Research should be made to identify the effects of sales mix changes before implantation. Pricing Policy affects revenue and therefore impacts on working capital. To attract buyers while underpricing may bring high sales but still result in cash shortfalls. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Financial Management * Audited Accounts An audit is an independent check of the accuracy of financial records and accounting procedures. Types of Audits- 1. Internal conducted internally by employees 2. Management used to review the firms strategic plans and determine if changes need to be made. 3. External required by corporate law to ensure it complies with Australian auditing standards. * Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) ASIC enforces and administers laws and protects consumers in the areas of investment, life, insurance, super and Australian banking. ASIC sets out to reduce fraud and unfair practices in financial markets and products. ASIC ensures that companies adhere to the law. Collects information about companies and makes it accessible to the public. * Corporate Raiders and Asset Stripping Asset Stripping describes the practice of organisations that identify and sell off for a profit, assets of a company, especially one that has been acquired in a recent takeover. Entities that take over other companies and sell off the assets are known as corporate raiders. HSC Topic 3 Marketing Case Study Types of Markets Resource BHP Billiton Industrial Painter Intermediate Gloria Jeans selling cakes Mass IBM Computers Niche ‘Mountain Bike Magazine Developing Marketing Strategies Product and Service Positioning * Qantas was under competitive pressure from Virgin Blue in the leisure market * Qantas wanted to maintain its higher positioned government and business segments * Expanded to a subsidiary Jetstar who were positioned as a value-for-money product Price including pricing methods Price Points * Jetstar International * Base price for seat, Charge $30 for meal, $7 for blanket and amenity kit and $12 for entertainment kit Promotion Advertising * Dell Computers focus much of their advertising to print media * Use inserts/pamphlets/brochures in magazines, typically in the technology liftout section of the newspaper, where their target market is most likely to be reading Place Distribution * Dell distribute products directly, with no intermediaries * Exclusive distribution (no stores), Intensive (internet) * Distribution system is e-commerce Ethical and Legal Aspects Role of Consumer Laws in dealing with Deceptive and Misleading Advertising * Gillette (Duracell) VS Eveready * TV advertisement claims Duracell lasts up to four times longer than ordinary batteries * Eveready claimed the ad infringed the TPA * Independent tests showed the Duracell batteries never last 4x longer * Federal Court ruled Duracell breached the TPA in the areas of misleading and deceptive conduct and false representations about the quality and benefits of goods The Nature and Role of Markets and Marketing Marketing is a total system of interacting activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute products to present and potential customers. * Types of Markets Resource markets e.g mining, agriculture, forestry and machinery. Industrial Markets purchase products to use in the production of other products e.g buying flour to make bread Intermediate markets (resellers) consist of wholesalers and retailers who purchase finished products and resell them to make profit Consumer Markets e.g cars, clothing, food Mass Market is when the seller mass produces, mass distributes and mass promotes one product to all buyers Niche Markets are micro markets made for buyers who have specific needs or lifestyles * Production Production Orientation 1820s 1920s When a business concentrates on making as many possible goods at the lowest price possible Sales Approach 1020s 1060s When a business concentrates on selling techniques to attract customers Marketing Approach 1060s 1980s When a business collects information on consumer trends to sell its products * The Marketing Concept Consumer Orientation when a business concentrates on maximising customer satisfaction to sell its products Relationship Marketing the focus on encouraging repeat purchases and loyalty to the business by managing customer relations at the time of and after the initial purchase. Elements of a Marketing Plan * Establishing Market Objectives * Identifying Target Market Total Market Approach one type of product with little or no variation aimed at everyone through one distribution system. Market Segmentation approach the market is subdivided into groups of people who share certain characteristics. * Developing Marketing Strategies (examining elements of the 4 Ps) * Implementation, Monitoring and Controlling Financial Forecasting measures the sales potential and revenue forecasts (benefits) for strategies and compares these with anticipated costs. Comparing actual and planned results 1. Sales analysis comparing of actual sales with forecast sales to determine the effectiveness of the marketing strategy 2. Market share analysis/Ratios by comparing competitions market share to their own this can reveal changes in total sales (increase or decrease) 3. Marketing Cost Analysis marketer breaks down the total marketing cost into specific marketing activities to access the effectiveness of each activity. Market Research Process Market research is the process of systematically collecting, recording and analysing information concerning a specific marketing problem. The three steps of the market research process are; 1. Determining information needs 2. Collecting data from primary and secondary sources 3. Data analysis and interpretation -the data that represents average, typical or deviations from typical patterns. The data must be then displayed in way which statistics and figures can be conducted e.g spreadsheets Customer and Buyer Behaviour Customers are classified into two categories: Consumer the process of purchasing goods and services for personal household use. Organisational the purchase of goods and services by producers, resellers and government. Types of Customers Household Personal personal and household spending plays a dominant role within the economy as it contributes to the level of economic activity which affects business profits, unemployment levels, interest rates levels and rate of inflation. The Firms market consists of businesses that purchase goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Educational institutes Government Customers Governments spend billions of dollars each year for a wide variety of goods and services ranging from battleships to paperclips. All purchases of the government spend public funds to buy products, the government is accountable to the public, requiring a much more formalised set of buying procedures where firms submit quotes to supply a particular good or service and the lowest bid is generally accepted. * The Buying Process The buying process involves 5 common steps: Recognise the problem need or want requiring satisfaction Search for info brands, product characteristics, warranty, price etc Evaluate alternatives cost and benefit analysis Purchase Evaluate after purchase stability of product, satisfaction gained or dissatisfaction may occur. * Factors influencing Customer Choice Psychological influences e.g perception, motive, attitude and personality Socio-cultural influences e.g family, friends, social class, culture and subculture. Economic Influences -A boom is a period of low employment and rising income. Contraction is a period of slowly rising unemployment with incomes stabilising. Recession sees unemployment reach high levels and incomes fall dramatically. Expansion means unemployment levels start to fall slowly and incomes begin to rise. Government Influences government will put into place policies that expand or contract the level of economic activity. These policies directly or indirectly influence business activity and customers spending habits and such will influence the marketing plan. Developing Market Strategies * Pricing Strategies Price Skimming charging the highest price possible for innovative products Pricing Penetration charges to lowest price possible for a product or service to achieve large market share Loss-leader selling a product below its cost price to attract customers Price Lining a limited number of key prices for selected product lines e.g one line of watches for $35 and a more expensive line at $55 * Pricing Methods Cost-plus margin the total cost of production then adds on amount for profit (mark-up) Market set prices according to the level of supply and demand, when demand is high prices are high Competition based a business chooses a price based on competition, either below, equal to or above * Marketing segmentation and product Mass marketing or a total marketing approach This includes basic food items, water, gas, electricity etc. Concentrated Market Approach -By using the concentrated market approach the business is able to analyse its customer base more closely and design strategies to satisfy this select groups needs, and develop particular products based on customer feedback. Product Differentiation is the process of developing and promoting differences between the businesses products and those of its competitors. e.g jeans with designer labels and washing detergent with brightener additives * Place/Distribution Channels of Distribution or marketing channels are routes taken to get the product from the factory to the customer. The process usually involves a number of intermediaries such as wholesalers, brokers, agents or retailers. To choose the channel of distribution the location is the main contributor of the business market or market coverage (number of outlets a firm chooses for it product). There are three ways a business can cover a market Intensive distribution when a business saturates the market with their product e.g milk, lollies and newspapers Selective Distribution businesses use a moderate proportion of possible outlets where customers are prepared to travel e.g clothing, furniture Exclusive Distribution only one retail, outlet in a large geographical area for exclusive and expensive products. Physical Distribution Transport Warehousing involves receiving, storing and dispatching goods. Inventory controlled through a system that maintains quantities and varieties of products appropriate for the target market.  · Effects on Distribution 1. Technology 2. Local Government Approving new development applications and alteration to existing premises Fire regulations Determining land zoning and the purpose for which a building and land can be used Parking regulations Health regulations Size, shape and location of business signs Ethical and legal Aspects Environmentally responsible products Materialism an individuals desire to constantly acquire possessions Impact of retail development -intensely competitive environment may result in some retailers using questionable marketing practices Sugging Selling Under Guise of a survey, Role of Consumer Law Deceptive and misleading Price- Discrimination Implied Conditions or terms Merchandise quality meaning that the product is of a standard a reasonable person would expect for the price Fitness of purpose meaning that the product is suitable for the purpose for which is being sold. That is, it will perform as the instructions or advertisement implies Warranties Resale Price Maintenance Legislations to respond to ethical and legal aspects of marketing: The Trade Practice Act 1974 is one of the most important pieces of legislation in Australia and has two purposes: 1. To protect consumers from misleading and deceptive conduct 2. Restrictive trade practices to restrict competition as well as ensuring that a number of businesses are operation at any one time in the same market, to avoid the problem of monopolistic power. Fair Trade Act (FTA) is a mirrors legislation that covers sole traders and partnership as well as companies Implied conditions in both Acts: Merchantable quality worth the money Fit for purpose does its jobs. HSC Topic Four: Employment Relations Case Study Managing the ER function Line Management * ALDI Supermarkets * Individual store managers are expected to solve all instore problems there is no ‘area manager or specialist ER department Key influences on ER Social Inf